Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is external respiration primarily concerned with?
What is external respiration primarily concerned with?
Which step is NOT part of the process of external respiration?
Which step is NOT part of the process of external respiration?
What occurs during pulmonary ventilation?
What occurs during pulmonary ventilation?
What is involved in the transport of gases during external respiration?
What is involved in the transport of gases during external respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best defines internal respiration?
Which of the following best defines internal respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of systemic circulation in respiration?
What is the role of systemic circulation in respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two main phases of breathing known as?
What are the two main phases of breathing known as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor increases the diffusion rate of gas through the alveolar membrane?
Which factor increases the diffusion rate of gas through the alveolar membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
How does pulmonary edema affect gas exchange?
How does pulmonary edema affect gas exchange?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes air to flow into and out of the lungs during respiration?
What causes air to flow into and out of the lungs during respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by damaged alveolar walls that reduce gas exchange?
What condition is characterized by damaged alveolar walls that reduce gas exchange?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following respiratory muscles is primarily responsible for inhalation?
Which of the following respiratory muscles is primarily responsible for inhalation?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the diaphragm play during breathing?
What role does the diaphragm play during breathing?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of hypoxia is associated with microcytic hypochromic anemia?
What type of hypoxia is associated with microcytic hypochromic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a likely arterial pressure of oxygen in the child with anemic hypoxia?
Which of the following is a likely arterial pressure of oxygen in the child with anemic hypoxia?
Signup and view all the answers
What dietary change did the nutritionist recommend for the child?
What dietary change did the nutritionist recommend for the child?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the expected effect on circulating red blood cells with anemic hypoxia?
What is the expected effect on circulating red blood cells with anemic hypoxia?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might the child experience lethargy and fatigue?
Why might the child experience lethargy and fatigue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal arterial pressure of carbon dioxide expected in the child?
What is the normal arterial pressure of carbon dioxide expected in the child?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of lung fibrosis on gas exchange?
What is the effect of lung fibrosis on gas exchange?
Signup and view all the answers
How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?
How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hypoxia is characterized by insufficient oxygen at the cellular level?
Which type of hypoxia is characterized by insufficient oxygen at the cellular level?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate?
What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of the case scenario, what would likely be observed in the blood gas analysis of the child experiencing hypoxic hypoxia?
In the context of the case scenario, what would likely be observed in the blood gas analysis of the child experiencing hypoxic hypoxia?
Signup and view all the answers
What would be the likely effect of bronchial asthma on hemoglobin saturation during an asthma attack?
What would be the likely effect of bronchial asthma on hemoglobin saturation during an asthma attack?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition occurs when there is inadequate Hb saturation despite normal arterial PO2 levels?
What condition occurs when there is inadequate Hb saturation despite normal arterial PO2 levels?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT associated with tissue oxygenation?
Which factor is NOT associated with tissue oxygenation?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of hypoxia results from poisoning where cells cannot use oxygen efficiently?
What kind of hypoxia results from poisoning where cells cannot use oxygen efficiently?
Signup and view all the answers
In a scenario where a child is exposed to high altitude, what is the primary type of hypoxia expected?
In a scenario where a child is exposed to high altitude, what is the primary type of hypoxia expected?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Respiratory Physiology
- Focuses on respiration, encompassing the definition, types, gas exchange and transport, and hypoxia.
- Textbook: Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage Learning. Chapter 13
- Respiration: Obtaining oxygen for bodily functions and eliminating carbon dioxide.
What is Respiration?
- Process of acquiring oxygen for the body and expelling produced carbon dioxide.
Internal vs. External Respiration
- Internal respiration: Intracellular metabolic processes in mitochondria (using O2 and producing CO2).
- External respiration: Full sequence of gas exchange between environment and body cells. Consists of 4 steps.
External Respiration Steps
- Pulmonary ventilation (inhaling and exhaling air between atmosphere and alveoli).
- Gas exchange (between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries).
- Transport of gases (in the blood between lungs and tissues).
- Exchange of gases (between blood in systematic capillaries and tissues).
Respiratory System Structure
- Air-conducting parts: Nasal cavity, pharynx, vocal cords, esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchus.
- Gas exchange zone (alveoli): Terminal bronchioles, alveolar sacs (alveoli) with thin walls.
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation
- Inhalation: Rib muscles contract, expanding the rib cage. Diaphragm contracts, pulling it down.
- Exhalation: Rib muscles relax, contracting the rib cage, diaphragm relaxes, moving up.
Breathing Phases
- Inspiration: Air flows into the lungs.
- Expiration: Gases exit the lungs.
Muscles of Respiration
- Rib muscles: Expand or contract rib cage, changing the thoracic cavity, influencing air pressure.
- Diaphragm: Contracts down or relaxes up to alter volume in the thoracic cavity.
Factors Affecting Gas Exchange
- Diffusion rate through alveolar membrane is impacted by membrane thickness, surface area, gas solubility, and pressure difference.
Factors Affecting Diffusion through Respiratory Membrane
- Pulmonary edema: Increased thickness of membrane, decreasing gas exchange.
- Emphysema: Damage to alveolar walls, reducing surface area and gas exchange.
- Lung fibrosis: Increased thickness of respiratory membrane, decreasing gas exchange.
Normal Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
- Alveoli oxygen (PO2): 100 mmHg
- Alveoli carbon dioxide (PCO2): 40 mmHg
- Circulatory oxygen (PO2): Lower than alveoli
- Circulatory carbon dioxide (PCO2): Higher than alveoli
- Peripheral tissue oxygen (PO2): Lower than circulatory
- Peripheral tissue carbon dioxide (PCO2): Higher than circulatory
Oxygen Transport in the Blood
- Dissolved in plasma: 1.5%
- Bound to hemoglobin: 98.5%
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
- Physically dissolved: 10%
- Bound to hemoglobin: 30%
- As bicarbonate: 60%
Hypoxemia
- Insufficient oxygen at cellular level.
Types of Hypoxia
-
Hypoxic Hypoxia: Decreased oxygen delivered to the tissues.
- Causes: Respiratory malfunction, high altitude.
- Characteristics: Decreased PO2, Decreased O2 content
-
Anemic Hypoxia: Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.
- Causes: Low red blood cells, Hemoglobin abnormalities (e.g., CO poisoning).
- Characteristics: Normal PO2, Decreased O2 content
-
Circulatory Hypoxia: Inadequate blood flow to the tissues.
- Causes: Congestive heart failure, circulatory shock.
- Characteristics: Normal PO2, Normal O2 content
-
Histotoxic Hypoxia: Cells unable to use oxygen.
- Causes: Cyanide poisoning.
- Characteristics: Normal PO2, Normal O2 content
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on respiratory physiology from Chapter 13 of Sherwood's Human Physiology textbook. This quiz covers the definitions, types of respiration, gas exchange mechanisms, and the distinction between internal and external respiration. Understand the steps involved in pulmonary ventilation and gas transport effectively.
