Physiology L6
30 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is external respiration primarily concerned with?

  • The regulation of breathing rates in response to carbon dioxide levels
  • The exchange of gases between the environment and body cells (correct)
  • The transport of oxygen solely in the bloodstream
  • The intracellular use of oxygen and carbon dioxide production

    • Which step is NOT part of the process of external respiration?

  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Transport of gases in systemic circulation
  • Internal metabolic processes in mitochondria (correct)
  • Gas exchange between alveoli and blood

    • What occurs during pulmonary ventilation?

  • Conversion of oxygen to carbon dioxide in cells
  • Transport of nutrients to the cells by the blood
  • Gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells
  • Movement of air in and out of the alveoli (correct)

    • What is involved in the transport of gases during external respiration?

    <p>Exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines internal respiration?

    <p>Oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production inside cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of systemic circulation in respiration?

    <p>Delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main phases of breathing known as?

    <p>Inspiration and expiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the diffusion rate of gas through the alveolar membrane?

    <p>Increased gas solubility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pulmonary edema affect gas exchange?

    <p>Decreases gas exchange due to increased membrane thickness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

    <p>Trachea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes air to flow into and out of the lungs during respiration?

    <p>Changes in intra-alveolar pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by damaged alveolar walls that reduce gas exchange?

    <p>Emphysema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following respiratory muscles is primarily responsible for inhalation?

    <p>External intercostals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the diaphragm play during breathing?

    <p>Contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypoxia is associated with microcytic hypochromic anemia?

    <p>Anemic hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a likely arterial pressure of oxygen in the child with anemic hypoxia?

    <p>100 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary change did the nutritionist recommend for the child?

    <p>Add solid foods like dates and guava (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected effect on circulating red blood cells with anemic hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased circulating red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the child experience lethargy and fatigue?

    <p>Insufficient oxygen reaching tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal arterial pressure of carbon dioxide expected in the child?

    <p>40 mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lung fibrosis on gas exchange?

    <p>Increases thickness of respiratory membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>98.5% bound to hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypoxia is characterized by insufficient oxygen at the cellular level?

    <p>Hypoxic hypoxia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate?

    <p>60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the case scenario, what would likely be observed in the blood gas analysis of the child experiencing hypoxic hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased oxygen levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the likely effect of bronchial asthma on hemoglobin saturation during an asthma attack?

    <p>Decreased hemoglobin saturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when there is inadequate Hb saturation despite normal arterial PO2 levels?

    <p>Hypoxic hypoxia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with tissue oxygenation?

    <p>Ventilation rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of hypoxia results from poisoning where cells cannot use oxygen efficiently?

    <p>Histotoxic hypoxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a scenario where a child is exposed to high altitude, what is the primary type of hypoxia expected?

    <p>Hypoxic hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    External Respiration

    The entire process of gas exchange between the outside environment and the body's cells.

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

    Gas Exchange (Alveoli)

    Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves the blood in the alveoli.

    Respiratory System

    The organs that allow the lungs to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Internal Respiration

    The exchange of gases between the blood and the body's cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Respiration

    The process of getting oxygen to body cells and removing carbon dioxide.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Alveoli

    Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gas Exchange

    The process of oxygen entering the blood and carbon dioxide leaving the blood in the lungs.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Diffusion Rate

    The speed at which gases move across the respiratory membrane.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pulmonary Edema

    Fluid buildup in the lungs, hindering gas exchange.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Emphysema

    Lung condition damaging alveoli, reducing gas exchange surface area.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Anemic Hypoxia

    A type of hypoxia where the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, despite normal partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cause of Lethargy in Anemic Hypoxia

    Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues due to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood leads to fatigue and lethargy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

    A type of anemia characterized by small, pale red blood cells, resulting in a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dietary Intervention for Microcytic Anemia

    A diet rich in iron and other essential nutrients helps improve red blood cell production and rectify the oxygen-carrying capacity.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    PO2 in Anemic Hypoxia

    Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood is normal in anemic hypoxia, indicating that there is enough oxygen dissolved in the blood.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Impact on RBC Count in Anemic Hypoxia

    Anemic hypoxia is associated with a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) due to the underlying anemia.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Lung fibrosis

    Thickening of the respiratory membrane, reducing gas exchange in the lungs.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    O2 transport

    Movement of oxygen in the blood, mostly bound to hemoglobin.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    CO2 transport

    Movement of carbon dioxide in the blood, partly dissolved and partly as bicarbonate.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hypoxia

    Insufficient oxygen at the cellular level.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hypoxic hypoxia

    Low blood oxygen due to inadequate oxygen intake or inadequate hemoglobin saturation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Histotoxic hypoxia

    Inability of cells to use oxygen, even if present, due to a cellular malfunction.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Status asthmaticus

    Severe asthma attack, characterized by severe breathing difficulty.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Blood gas analysis

    Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, often during a medical emergency.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Physiology

    • Focuses on respiration, encompassing the definition, types, gas exchange and transport, and hypoxia.
    • Textbook: Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage Learning. Chapter 13
    • Respiration: Obtaining oxygen for bodily functions and eliminating carbon dioxide.

    What is Respiration?

    • Process of acquiring oxygen for the body and expelling produced carbon dioxide.

    Internal vs. External Respiration

    • Internal respiration: Intracellular metabolic processes in mitochondria (using O2 and producing CO2).
    • External respiration: Full sequence of gas exchange between environment and body cells. Consists of 4 steps.

    External Respiration Steps

    • Pulmonary ventilation (inhaling and exhaling air between atmosphere and alveoli).
    • Gas exchange (between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries).
    • Transport of gases (in the blood between lungs and tissues).
    • Exchange of gases (between blood in systematic capillaries and tissues).

    Respiratory System Structure

    • Air-conducting parts: Nasal cavity, pharynx, vocal cords, esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchus.
    • Gas exchange zone (alveoli): Terminal bronchioles, alveolar sacs (alveoli) with thin walls.

    Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Inhalation: Rib muscles contract, expanding the rib cage. Diaphragm contracts, pulling it down.
    • Exhalation: Rib muscles relax, contracting the rib cage, diaphragm relaxes, moving up.

    Breathing Phases

    • Inspiration: Air flows into the lungs.
    • Expiration: Gases exit the lungs.

    Muscles of Respiration

    • Rib muscles: Expand or contract rib cage, changing the thoracic cavity, influencing air pressure.
    • Diaphragm: Contracts down or relaxes up to alter volume in the thoracic cavity.

    Factors Affecting Gas Exchange

    • Diffusion rate through alveolar membrane is impacted by membrane thickness, surface area, gas solubility, and pressure difference.

    Factors Affecting Diffusion through Respiratory Membrane

    • Pulmonary edema: Increased thickness of membrane, decreasing gas exchange.
    • Emphysema: Damage to alveolar walls, reducing surface area and gas exchange.
    • Lung fibrosis: Increased thickness of respiratory membrane, decreasing gas exchange.

    Normal Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

    • Alveoli oxygen (PO2): 100 mmHg
    • Alveoli carbon dioxide (PCO2): 40 mmHg
    • Circulatory oxygen (PO2): Lower than alveoli
    • Circulatory carbon dioxide (PCO2): Higher than alveoli
    • Peripheral tissue oxygen (PO2): Lower than circulatory
    • Peripheral tissue carbon dioxide (PCO2): Higher than circulatory

    Oxygen Transport in the Blood

    • Dissolved in plasma: 1.5%
    • Bound to hemoglobin: 98.5%

    Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

    • Physically dissolved: 10%
    • Bound to hemoglobin: 30%
    • As bicarbonate: 60%

    Hypoxemia

    • Insufficient oxygen at cellular level.

    Types of Hypoxia

    • Hypoxic Hypoxia: Decreased oxygen delivered to the tissues.
      • Causes: Respiratory malfunction, high altitude.
      • Characteristics: Decreased PO2, Decreased O2 content
    • Anemic Hypoxia: Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.
      • Causes: Low red blood cells, Hemoglobin abnormalities (e.g., CO poisoning).
      • Characteristics: Normal PO2, Decreased O2 content
    • Circulatory Hypoxia: Inadequate blood flow to the tissues.
      • Causes: Congestive heart failure, circulatory shock.
      • Characteristics: Normal PO2, Normal O2 content
    • Histotoxic Hypoxia: Cells unable to use oxygen.
      • Causes: Cyanide poisoning.
      • Characteristics: Normal PO2, Normal O2 content

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Respiratory Physiology 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on respiratory physiology from Chapter 13 of Sherwood's Human Physiology textbook. This quiz covers the definitions, types of respiration, gas exchange mechanisms, and the distinction between internal and external respiration. Understand the steps involved in pulmonary ventilation and gas transport effectively.

    More Like This

    Respiratory System: Gas Exchange
    10 questions

    Respiratory System: Gas Exchange

    ExhilaratingBurgundy avatar
    ExhilaratingBurgundy
    Physiology of Ventilation and Gas Exchange
    60 questions

    Physiology of Ventilation and Gas Exchange

    HalcyonUnderstanding1318 avatar
    HalcyonUnderstanding1318
    Respiratory Physiology: Alveoli and Gas Exchange
    10 questions

    Respiratory Physiology: Alveoli and Gas Exchange

    UserFriendlyEnglishHorn avatar
    UserFriendlyEnglishHorn
    Human Physiology Week 9 - Respiratory (Transcripts)
    25 questions

    Human Physiology Week 9 - Respiratory (Transcripts)

    AstonishingSiren3057 avatar
    AstonishingSiren3057
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser