Respiratory Insufficiency Overview

A condition where the lungs cannot adequately supply the body with oxygen or remove carbon dioxide.

Rapid onset of respiratory failure, often due to sudden events, like an asthma attack or a collapsed lung.

Slow, gradual development of respiratory failure, often caused by long-term lung diseases like fibrosis.

Low levels of oxygen in the blood.

High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

A disturbance in the body's acid-base balance caused by increased carbon dioxide in the blood.

A disturbance in the body's acid-base balance caused by decreased carbon dioxide in the blood.

The body's natural responses to maintain a stable internal environment during respiratory failure.

Increase in the size of the heart muscle, often a response to increased workload.

Production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen.

PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood) is not below 70 mmHg. Mild/moderate exertion causes dyspnea, but recovery of respiration is slow.

PaO2 is between 70-50 mm Hg. Body compensates for oxygen needs at rest, but dyspnea occurs with light activity.

PaO2 is below 50 mmHg. Dyspnea and cyanosis present even at rest; severe hypoxia develops.

The process involving gas exchange between the environment and the lungs' alveoli. It includes ventilation and diffusion.

The process of air entering and leaving the lungs.

Normal volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath at rest.

Air taken into the lungs beyond normal inspiration.

Air expelled from the lungs beyond normal expiration.

Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.

Maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

Conditions that reduce breathing depth and/or rate, leading to insufficient oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.

Impairment of the brain region controlling breathing, causing reduced respiratory drive.

Sensory receptors in blood vessels detecting changes in blood chemistry, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

Loss of function in the nerve stimulating the diaphragm, leading to diaphragm paralysis and paradoxical breathing.

Diaphragm moves in the opposite direction during breathing, hindering air exchange.

Asymmetric chest movement during breathing due to phrenic nerve damage.

Conditions affecting chest wall and diaphragm mobility, restricting lung expansion.

Conditions causing weakness or paralysis of muscles involved in breathing, restricting airflow.

Signals that slow down or suppress the respiratory activity.

Increased resistance in pulmonary vessels due to reduced capillary network area, high blood-active substances, or thickened blood.

Increased pressure in capillaries and pre-capillaries, caused by pulmonary arteriole spasms, clots, or compression.

Impaired blood flow from pulmonary veins to the heart due to obstructions like tumors or scar tissues; or left heart problems.

Initially precapillary, later postcapillary hypertension, or vice versa.

Right heart hypertrophy due to long-term pulmonary hypertension.

A disease causing narrowing of bronchioles, making exhalation difficult, often linked to allergies and hereditary predisposition.

A genetic tendency to develop bronchial asthma.

The role of allergies in causing and worsening bronchial asthma symptoms.

An immune response, a key component in atopic asthma, causing inflammation of airways.

Type of asthma triggered by a type I hypersensitivity reaction and allergies.

Asthma not attributed to allergies but to other factors, such as infections or irritants.

Contraction of the bronchial muscles, narrowing airways.

Blockage of the airways.

Substances that trigger allergic reactions and asthma attacks.

Immune cells that release substances causing bronchial damage and inflammation.

An antibody associated with allergic reactions in atopic asthma.

A hereditary condition affecting lung function, predisposing individuals to emphysema.

A lung disease leading to the destruction of air sacs, making breathing difficult.

Smoking depletes the lungs' antioxidant reserves, which can lead to lung damage.

Lung condition where the lungs' ability to expand is compromised, impairing breathing.

Lung diseases like pneumonia, tumors, and lung tissue resection causing restrictive hypoventilation.

Conditions outside the lungs, such as pleural problems and respiratory muscle issues, contributing to restrictive breathing issues.

Difficulty in inhaling air due to restriction.

Lung volumes reduced due to restrictive hypoventilation, except expiratory, resulting in normal or increased Tiffno index.

A condition arising from inadequate breathing, leading to elevated carbon dioxide and reduced blood pH.

Fluid build-up in the brain tissue due to respiratory acidosis and low blood oxygen, damaging brain function.

Hypoventilation leads to changes affecting the cardiovascular system as a consequence of the body struggling to overcome low breathing ability.