Respiratory Health and Pleurae Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of measuring lung function before surgery?

To check the effectiveness of medication

To ensure the patient's lungs can handle the anesthesia (correct)

To assess the progression of a disease

To diagnose respiratory problems

What is the term for the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration?

Minute respiratory volume

Residual volume (correct)

Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

What is the normal respiratory rate for a resting adult?

20-25 breaths/min

18-20 breaths/min

10-15 breaths/min

12-18 breaths/min (correct)

What is the formula to calculate respiratory minute volume?

f x VT Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume?

Inspiratory reserve volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the graphical representation of lung function?

Spirogram Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate tidal volume in both males and females under resting conditions?

500 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of assessing lung function in disease treatment?

To measure the progression of a disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor in individuals who are susceptible to a particular respiratory condition?

Exposure to polluted air and heavy cigarette smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the visceral pleura?

To cover the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pleural fluid?

To reduce friction between the lungs and ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pleurae?

To serve in optimal lung function and provide mechanical support to the lung Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential space between the pleurae?

Pleural cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the pleurae in terms of infection prevention?

To prevent the spread of infection from one organ to others Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the parietal pleura and the mediastinum?

The parietal pleura is adhered to the mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of extreme difficulty in breathing in a particular respiratory condition?

Disability and even death Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum possible inspiration in lung volume?

6,000 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration?

Vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What type of respiratory disease makes it more difficult to get air into the lungs?

Restrictive disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration?

Functional residual capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal inspiration?

Vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of air that is exhaled from the lungs during a normal breath?

Tidal volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the total amount of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration?

Total lung capacity Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease can be diagnosed with evaluations of the spirometer?

Respiratory disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the combination of O2 with Hb at the lungs?

Hb becomes more acidic Signup and view all the answers

What happens to CO2 in the blood as a result of the Haldane effect?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in systemic gas exchange?

It catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and H2O to form H2CO3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the chloride shift in systemic gas exchange?

To facilitate the transport of CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of oxygen in the blood that is transported bound to hemoglobin?

98.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the effect that occurs when CO2 combines with hemoglobin?

Haldane effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of CO2 transport in alveolar gas exchange?

From blood to alveolus Signup and view all the answers

What is the reverse of the chloride shift in alveolar gas exchange?

Reverse chloride shift Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of regulation of respiration?

To maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the increase in acidity of hemoglobin in the lungs?

Decreased affinity for CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypoxia is characterized by low arterial PO2 and inadequate Hb saturation?

Hypoxic hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of anemic hypoxia?

Inadequate amounts of Hb in rbcs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of stagnant hypoxia?

Poor circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having more than 5 g/dL of reduced hemoglobin in the capillaries?

Cyanosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of central cyanosis?

Decreased atmospheric pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of peripheral cyanosis?

Redistribution of blood flow to extremities Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pleurae and Pleural Cavity

Serous membrane that folds back onto itself to form a two-layered membrane structure arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac
Normally adhered to each other, with the visceral pleura covering the lungs and the parietal pleura adhering to the mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm
Functions:
- Allows for smooth movement of the lungs within the chest cavity
- Allows the volume of the lung to change with the volume of the thoracic cavity
- Contributes to the elastic recoil of the lung and lung deflation
- Provides mechanical support to the lung
- Acts as a cushion for the lungs
- Lines the inside of the thoracic cavities
- Prevents the spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others
Pleural cavity:
- Potential space between the pleurae
- Normally no room between the membranes, but contains a film/small amount of slippery serous fluid secreted by the pleura
- Functions:
  - Aids optimal functioning of the lungs during breathing
  - Transmits movements of the chest wall to the lungs

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Total volume of the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration
Can be categorized into volumes and capacities, which can be represented in graphical readings (spirogram)
Values differ by gender
Subdivisions of the total amount of air that can be contained in the lungs:
- Alveolar volume: amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute
- Tidal volume (TV): amount of air inhaled (moves into) and exhaled (moves out) with each breath
- Respiratory rate (f): number of breaths taken per minute
- Residual volume (RV): air remaining in lungs after strenuous or maximum expiration
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): air that can be expired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
- Vital capacity (VC): maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration
- Total lung capacity (TLC): maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold

Respiratory Diseases

Restrictive disease: makes it more difficult to get air into the lungs
Haldane effect:
- Results from the combination of O2 with Hb at the lungs, causing the Hb to become more acidic
- Displaces CO2 from the blood and into the alveoli in two ways:
  - Highly acidic Hb has less tendency to combine with CO2 to form HCO2, displacing much CO2 from the blood
  - Increased acidity of Hb causes it to release excess H+, which bind with HCO3- to form H2CO3 that dissociate into H2O and CO2 (released from blood to alveoli to be exhaled)

Gas Exchange

Systemic gas exchange:
- CO2 loading: CO2 diffuses into the blood, and carbonic anhydrase in RBCs catalyzes the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+
- Oxygen unloading: H+ bound to HbO2 reduces its affinity for O2, making Hb release oxygen
Alveolar gas exchange:
- Reactions that occur in the lungs are the reverse of systemic gas exchange
- CO2 unloading: as Hb loads O2, its affinity for H+ decreases, H+ dissociates from Hb and binds with HCO3-, and free CO2 is generated and diffuses into the alveolus to be exhaled

Control of Respiration

Regulation of respiration is necessary to maintain proper oxygen levels in the body
Types of hypoxia:
- Hypoxic hypoxia: reduction in the amount of O2 in the air, or inadequate gas exchange area
- Anemic hypoxia: reduction in the O-carrying capacity of the blood
- Stagnant hypoxia: deficiency in O2 due to poor circulation
- Histotoxic hypoxia: inability of tissue to utilize O2

Cyanosis

Definition: bluish or purplish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes caused by the accumulation of more than 5 g/dL of reduced/unoxygenated hemoglobin in the capillaries
Types of cyanosis:
- Central cyanosis: decreased arterial O2 saturation or an abnormal Hb derivative, affecting both skin and mucous membranes
- Peripheral cyanosis: due to the slowing of blood flow to an area and abnormally great extraction of normally saturated arterial blood, occurring at fingers and toes

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Description

This quiz covers the effects of air pollution and smoking on respiratory health, including symptoms of bronchitis and asthma, as well as the anatomy and function of the pleurae in the lungs.