Respiratory Failure in Critical Care

What is the definition of respiratory failure?

What type of respiratory failure is characterized by hypoxia without hypercapnia?

Which of the following is a cause of respiratory failure?

What is the primary method of diagnosis for respiratory failure?

Which of the following masks is used to deliver FIO2 up to 90%?

What is the indication for ICU admission in respiratory failure?

What is the primary goal of management in respiratory failure?

Which of the following is a clinical presentation of respiratory failure?

What is the purpose of a nebulizer mask?

What is the FIO2 delivered by a nasal cannula?

Respiratory Failure in Recovery Room

Definition

Respiratory failure is defined as a decrease in PO2 less than 60 mm/Hg and oxygen saturation less than 94% at room air.

Types

Type 1: Hypoxia without hypercapnia (e.g., Pneumonia, pleural effusion, pneumothorax)
Type 2: Hypoxia and hypercapnia (e.g., COPD, IPF)

Causes

Incomplete recovery (secretions and residual muscle relaxant effect)
Foreign body
Aspiration
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumothorax
Asthma exacerbation

Clinical Presentation

Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Respiratory distress
Cyanosis
Flapping tremor
Irritability
Decreased level of consciousness (DLC)

Diagnosis

To confirm respiratory failure and its type: ABG
To detect the cause:
- Careful clinical examination
- Chest imaging:
  - Chest X-ray
  - CT chest with contrast
  - Chest ultrasonography

Management

Management of the cause (e.g., asthma, pneumothorax, secretions)
Correction of hypoxia
Oxygen therapy:
- Simple oxygen mask: Fio2 up to 55%, used in Type 1 respiratory failure
- Nasal cannula: FIO2 up to 40%, more convenient for many patients, used in Type 1 respiratory failure
- Nebulizer mask: FIO2 up to 55%, used to deliver drugs by inhalational route in bronchial asthma and laryngeal croup
- Mask with reservoir: FIO2 up to 90%

This quiz covers the definition, types, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of respiratory failure, specifically in critical care and intensive care settings.