chapter 10 . quiz 1. Sleep disordered breathing (SDB)

What is the defining characteristic of an apnea event?

How is a hypopnea event characterized?

What is a key characteristic of a respiratory event-related arousal?

When does a hypopnea event occur with a decrease in SpO2 of only 3%?

What defines hypoventilation?

What is the major determinant of minute ventilation during sleep?

What can occur during sleep to offset critical hypoxia levels?

What is a common value for PaCO2 during stable sleep?

Which factor challenges ventilatory control during sleep stages and can lead to instability in breathing?

What does loop gain assess in the context of ventilatory control?

Why does the ventilatory response differ between wakefulness and sleep?

Why are patients with high loop gain more vulnerable to disturbances in the feedback system during sleep?

In the context of sleep disordered breathing, what event may occur due to marked reduction or cessation of brainstem respiratory motor output?

Which factor helps in specifying sleep disordered breathing into obstructive or central events?

How is the severity of sleep disordered breathing usually quantified?

What defines the respiratory disturbance index (RDI) used to measure the severity of sleep disordered breathing?

What is the key diagnostic criterion for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

How is the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) typically measured?

What additional criteria can qualify a patient with 5-15 obstructive events per sleep hour as having obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

How is respiratory disturbance quantified in the context of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

What criterion helps in distinguishing between obstructive and central events in sleep disordered breathing?

What is a major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

What percentage of individuals undergoing bariatric surgery may experience OSA?

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with nighttime in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

Who is more susceptible to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following surgery?

In which group can obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) be prevalent up to 24% without daytime symptoms?

What serious medical consequences are associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

What brain structures atrophy in patients with OSA leading to cognitive impairment?

What cardiovascular effect is potentially associated with even asymptomatic OSA?

How can the atrophy of brain structures relevant for cognition and memory be influenced in OSA patients?

Which of the following is a potential consequence of cognitive dysfunction in OSA patients?

What is the role of upper airway dilator muscles in respiratory events during OSA?

What is the main consequence of decreased airway dilator muscle activity during OSA?

Which muscles are part of the upper airway dilator muscles involved in OSA?

What is the function of the genioglossus muscle in response to negative pharyngeal pressure during inspiration?

How do upper airway dilator muscles help maintain airway patency?

What is the primary function of respiratory pump muscles during the breathing cycle?

What can further increase the collapsing effects of excessive pharyngeal extraluminal soft tissue in obese patients?

Which position makes the upper airway more vulnerable to collapse due to gravitational effects?

How can excessive intravenous fluid administration affect upper airway patency?

What determines the extraluminal pressure antagonized by the upper airway dilator muscle contraction during inspiration?

How does nocturnal redistribution of fluid from lower extremities into the neck affect upper airway collapsibility?

How do higher end-expiratory lung volumes affect upper airway resistance in awake healthy humans?

What do stretching forces on the fixed trachea due to longitudinal traction result in?

How does lung inflation during inspiration affect the carina?

What is the primary function of the respiratory pump during the breathing cycle?

What accounts for the majority of lung volume change during quiet respiration?

What happens when the intraluminal pressure in the upper airway becomes negative?

critical airway pressure (Pcrit) in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) ?

In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), what type of pressure is required to reopen a paralyzed airway?

Which input contributes to the restoration of breathing following apnea by sensing negative pressure generated by the respiratory pump?

What can independently restore tone to respiratory muscles during obstructive apneas?

What determines the level of drive provided to respiratory muscles in the context of restoring breathing after apnea?

What is the main benefit of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

How does the application of CPAP or BPAP typically help in treating sleep-disordered breathing (SDB)?

Why is patient adherence to CPAP treatment for OSA often limited?

What is a major drawback of applying high pressure during CPAP treatment?

What factor determines the range of CPAP level required for the treatment of OSA?

How does successful treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) impact cardiovascular risk?

What function do some treatment devices offer to help patients fall asleep more easily?

In which patients is bilevel treatment with reduced expiratory pressure and high inspiratory pressure useful?

What type of CPAP devices can improve treatment success in patients with variable severity of sleep disordered breathing?

What do auto-titrating devices measure to adjust airway pressure for hypopnea?

Which patients may require noninvasive ventilation with predefined respiratory frequency or timing?

What is the primary method recommended for most patients with OSA?

Which type of oral appliance for OSA treatment involves repositioning the mandible without protrusion?

What is a recommended treatment for adults with OSA due to tonsillar hypertrophy?

When is a tonsillectomy recommended for children with OSA?

Which intervention for OSA involves causing genioglossus muscle contraction to increase airflow?

Although OSA is more common in the older population, it occurs in children with a peak in the incidence between?

What is not recommended as a primary treatment for OSA but may be used adjunctively in some patients?

What distinguishes Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) from Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

Which of the following comorbidities is commonly associated with Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)?

What characterizes Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR) seen in patients with Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)?

Which group has a higher prevalence of Central Sleep Apnea with an increased loop gain, specifically showing Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR)?

What is a potential respiratory therapy option for patients experiencing Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR)?

What is a distinguishing characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR) found in patients with Central Sleep Apnea?

What is the best treatment for patients experiencing Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR)?

what is The most common subtype of Central Sleep Apnea ?

CSR is defined as a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of hyperventilation between 20 and 30 seconds in duration, followed by 10 to 40 seconds of hypopneas or apneas , usually occurring during ?

Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) most commonly occur in patients with?

CSR is defined as a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of hyperventilation between 20 and 30 seconds in duration, followed by 10 to 40 seconds of hypopneas or apneas

What is a characteristic of Periodic Breathing induced by high altitude?

What distinguishes Idiopathic Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) from other forms of CSA?

In individuals with Idiopathic CSA, what tends to be the usual PaCO2 levels?

What percentage of patients with a BMI of 50 kg/m2 or higher may experience obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS)?

Which of the following is a common characteristic of obese patients with OHS ?

What is one potential consequence of abolishing the compensatory respiratory drive in obese individuals ?

What is a characteristic feature of patients with OHS ?

What is the main defining characteristic of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS)?

What is a potential cause of alveolar hypoventilation leading to hypercapnia in OHS?

In obese patients with OHS, what percentage of individuals may also experience OSA?

Which respiratory parameter is typically reduced in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS)?

Why does severe obesity lead to an increase in respiratory drive ?

What is the difference between obese patients and patients with OHS ?

What is a common cause of alveolar hypoventilation leading to hypercapnia in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS)?

Which condition is NOT a known mechanism of alveolar hypoventilation?

Treatment options for patients with ○ Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) include ?