Questions and Answers
Which of the following are drugs for the upper airways? (Select all that apply)
Which structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
Ventilation and respiration are the same.
False
What are the three phases of respiration?
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What does lung compliance measure?
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What influences lung compliance?
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Bronchodilation is caused by parasympathetic stimulation.
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The left lung has ______ lobes.
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The main structure where gas exchange occurs is the ______.
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Which of the following are drugs for upper airways? (Select all that apply)
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What is the primary role of ventilation?
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Ventilation and respiration are interchangeable terms.
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What are the three phases of respiration?
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What is lung compliance?
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What happens during bronchoconstriction?
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The tracheobronchial tube is composed of ______ muscle.
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Match the following types of drugs with their categories:
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What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
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Study Notes
Drugs for Upper Airways
- Antihistamines: Block the action of histamine to alleviate allergy symptoms.
- Decongestants: Reduce nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages.
- Intranasal Steroids: Anti-inflammatory agents that reduce swelling and mucus production in the nasal passages.
- Antitussives: Cough suppressants that help relieve cough symptoms.
- Expectorants: Aid in thinning mucus, making it easier to cough up.
Drugs for Lower Airways
- Sympathomimetics: Stimulate adrenergic receptors causing bronchodilation.
- Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine to reduce bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.
- Xanthine Derivatives: Bronchodilators that relax smooth muscle in the airways.
- Leukotriene Receptor Agonists: Block the action of leukotrienes, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
- Mucolytics: Break down mucus to facilitate easier removal.
- Steroids: Anti-inflammatory agents that reduce airway swelling and mucus production.
Respiratory Tract
- Upper Respiratory Tract: Comprises the nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
- Lower Respiratory Tract: Includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Ventilation vs Respiration
- Ventilation: Movement of air to and from the alveoli; involves inspiration and expiration.
- Respiration: Gas exchange process that occurs at the alveolar-capillary membrane.
Phases of Respiration
- Ventilation: Air enters the lungs during inhalation and exits during exhalation.
- Perfusion: Blood flow in the alveolar-capillary bed is essential for efficient gas exchange.
- Diffusion: Movement of oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of blood, influenced by concentration gradients. Factors affecting ventilation include mucosal edema and bronchospasm.
Chest Cavity Features
- Enclosed by 12 ribs, diaphragm, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, neck, and intercostal muscles.
- Pleurae: Membranes that encase the lungs, facilitating movement during breathing.
- Lung Lobes: Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two. The heart is located on the mid-left.
Lung Compliance
- Reflects the lung’s ability to stretch based on alveolar pressure.
- Influenced by connective tissue composition and surface tension affected by surfactant.
- Low compliance indicates stiffness in lungs, often seen in restrictive pulmonary diseases.
Bronchial Smooth Muscle
- Composed of smooth muscle fibers that regulate airway constriction.
- Parasympathetic stimulation: Causes bronchoconstriction.
- Sympathetic stimulation: Triggers bronchodilation through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which relaxes bronchial muscles.
Common Cold vs Rhinitis vs Allergic Rhinitis
- Differentiates between causes, duration, and symptoms of nasal conditions, highlighting the need for tailored treatments.
Drugs for Upper Airways
- Antihistamines: Block the action of histamine to alleviate allergy symptoms.
- Decongestants: Reduce nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages.
- Intranasal Steroids: Anti-inflammatory agents that reduce swelling and mucus production in the nasal passages.
- Antitussives: Cough suppressants that help relieve cough symptoms.
- Expectorants: Aid in thinning mucus, making it easier to cough up.
Drugs for Lower Airways
- Sympathomimetics: Stimulate adrenergic receptors causing bronchodilation.
- Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine to reduce bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.
- Xanthine Derivatives: Bronchodilators that relax smooth muscle in the airways.
- Leukotriene Receptor Agonists: Block the action of leukotrienes, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
- Mucolytics: Break down mucus to facilitate easier removal.
- Steroids: Anti-inflammatory agents that reduce airway swelling and mucus production.
Respiratory Tract
- Upper Respiratory Tract: Comprises the nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
- Lower Respiratory Tract: Includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Ventilation vs Respiration
- Ventilation: Movement of air to and from the alveoli; involves inspiration and expiration.
- Respiration: Gas exchange process that occurs at the alveolar-capillary membrane.
Phases of Respiration
- Ventilation: Air enters the lungs during inhalation and exits during exhalation.
- Perfusion: Blood flow in the alveolar-capillary bed is essential for efficient gas exchange.
- Diffusion: Movement of oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of blood, influenced by concentration gradients. Factors affecting ventilation include mucosal edema and bronchospasm.
Chest Cavity Features
- Enclosed by 12 ribs, diaphragm, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, neck, and intercostal muscles.
- Pleurae: Membranes that encase the lungs, facilitating movement during breathing.
- Lung Lobes: Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two. The heart is located on the mid-left.
Lung Compliance
- Reflects the lung’s ability to stretch based on alveolar pressure.
- Influenced by connective tissue composition and surface tension affected by surfactant.
- Low compliance indicates stiffness in lungs, often seen in restrictive pulmonary diseases.
Bronchial Smooth Muscle
- Composed of smooth muscle fibers that regulate airway constriction.
- Parasympathetic stimulation: Causes bronchoconstriction.
- Sympathetic stimulation: Triggers bronchodilation through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which relaxes bronchial muscles.
Common Cold vs Rhinitis vs Allergic Rhinitis
- Differentiates between causes, duration, and symptoms of nasal conditions, highlighting the need for tailored treatments.
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Description
This quiz covers various respiratory drugs, including those for upper and lower airways. Key topics include antihistamines, decongestants, sympathomimetics, and steroids. Test your knowledge on the classifications and uses of these medications.
