60 Questions
Which condition is characterized by dyspnea in the recumbent position?
Orthopnea
What is the expectoration of bloody mucus known as?
Hemoptysis
Which nerve mediates the cough reflex?
Vagus nerve
What is the term for a change in the amount, consistency, color, and odor of sputum?
Abnormal sputum
Which condition is characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by desaturation of hemoglobin?
Cyanosis
What is the term for decreased alveolar ventilation caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control of breathing?
Hypoventilation
What is the term for increased alveolar ventilation produced by anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia?
Hyperventilation
Which condition occurs at night and requires the person to sit or stand for relief?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
What are abnormal breathing patterns adjustments made by the body to minimize the work of respiratory muscles?
Kussmaul, obstructed, restricted, gasping, and/or Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Which condition is characterized by dyspnea when a person is in the recumbent position and is associated with heart failure?
Orthopnea
Which type of lung cancer is most common and manifests with a clinical symptom of progressive hoarseness?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the most frequent cause of cancer death in the United States?
Lung cancer
What is the mean pulmonary artery pressure defining pulmonary artery hypertension?
$>$ 25 mmHg at rest
What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia?
Influenza virus
What is the most common type of lung infection caused by M. tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis
What is the most common form of acute lung infection caused by viruses?
Acute bronchitis
What is the most common type of lower respiratory tract infection in older adults and individuals with impaired immunity?
Pneumonia
What is the most common type of lung infection resulting in an inflammatory response with four phases?
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Which type of pneumonia can be categorized as community-acquired (CAP), healthcare-associated (HCAP), hospital-acquired (HAP), or ventilator-associated (VAP)?
Pneumococcal pneumonia
What causes right ventricular enlargement in cor pulmonale?
Chronic pulmonary hypertension
What is the primary cause of clubbing of the fingertips?
Chronic hypoxemia
Which condition can result in chest pain?
Inflamed pleurae
What is the primary cause of hypercapnia?
Reduced minute volume
What are the primary causes of hypoxemia?
Decreased oxygen content
What is the primary cause of acute respiratory failure?
Inadequate gas exchange
What increases the work of breathing?
Deformed chest wall
What is the cause of flail chest?
Rib or sternal fractures affecting breathing mechanics
What is pneumothorax?
Air accumulation in the pleural space
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid accumulation in the pleural space
Which conditions are classified as obstructive pulmonary diseases?
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
Which type of cancer represents less than 1% of all cancers?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the true vocal cords
What is the most common cause of lung cancer death in the United States?
Smoking of cigarettes or tobacco
Which type of lung cancer manifests with a clinical symptom of progressive hoarseness?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Which type of lung cancer is classified as a neuroendocrine tumor?
Small cell carcinoma
Which type of tumor is not included in the non–small cell lung cancer category?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Which type of cancer arises in a characteristic site or type of tissue?
Mesothelioma
Which type of lung cancer causes distinctive clinical manifestations and differs in likelihood of metastasis and prognosis?
Small cell carcinoma
Which type of lung cancer is commonly associated with smoking?
Small cell carcinoma
Which type of cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death in the United States?
Small cell carcinoma
Which type of tumor is not a neuroendocrine tumor in the context of lung cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the term for the collapse of alveoli resulting from compression of the lung tissue, absorption of gas from obstructed alveoli, or impairment of surfactant?
Atelectasis
What is the term for abnormal dilation of the bronchi usually secondary to another pulmonary disorder, usually infection or chronic inflammation?
Bronchiectasis
Which condition is characterized by the inflammatory obstruction of small airways and is most common in children?
Bronchiolitis
What is the term for the passage of fluid and solid particles into the lung, usually from impaired swallowing and coughing?
Aspiration
Which term refers to decreased alveolar ventilation caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control of breathing?
Hypoventilation
What is the term for increased alveolar ventilation produced by anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia?
Hyperventilation
What is the term for a reduced PaO2 caused by decreased oxygen content of inspired gas, hypoventilation, diffusion abnormality, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, or shunting?
Hypoxemia
Which condition is caused by inadequate gas exchange or ventilation (PaO2 ≤50 mmHg or PaCO2 ≥50 mmHg and pH ≥7.25)?
Acute respiratory failure
What is the term for the primary cause of hypercapnia, which is increased PaCO2 caused by a decrease in minute volume (respiratory rate × tidal volume)?
Hypoventilation
What is the term for the increased PaCO2 caused by a decrease in minute volume (respiratory rate × tidal volume)?
Hypercapnia
Which condition is characterized by the presence of excess water in the lung, often caused by left-sided heart failure?
Pulmonary edema
What is the primary cause of pulmonary artery hypertension?
Various factors
What is the term for a change in the amount, consistency, color, and odor of sputum?
Expectoration
Which nerve mediates the cough reflex?
Vagus nerve
What causes right ventricular enlargement in cor pulmonale?
Pulmonary artery hypertension
What is the most common form of acute lung infection caused by viruses?
Pneumonia
What is the term for decreased alveolar ventilation caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control of breathing?
Hypoventilation
What is the most common type of lung infection resulting in an inflammatory response with four phases?
Pneumonia
What is the primary cause of hypercapnia?
Hypoventilation
Which condition is characterized by dyspnea when a person is in the recumbent position and is associated with heart failure?
Pulmonary edema
Study Notes
Respiratory Disorders Overview
- Clubbing of the fingertips is linked to diseases causing chronic hypoxemia and pulmonary circulation disruption.
- Chest pain can result from inflamed pleurae, trachea, bronchi, or respiratory muscles.
- Hypercapnia is increased PaCO2 due to reduced minute volume.
- Hypoxemia is caused by decreased oxygen content, hypoventilation, diffusion abnormality, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, or shunting.
- Acute respiratory failure is due to inadequate gas exchange or ventilation.
- Deformed chest wall, trauma, immobilization, or obesity increase the work of breathing.
- Flail chest occurs due to rib or sternal fractures affecting breathing mechanics.
- Pneumothorax is air accumulation in the pleural space, often from weakened areas or trauma.
- Pleural effusion is fluid accumulation, usually from capillary disorders or lymphatic blockage.
- Pulmonary disorders include aspiration, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, and bronchiolitis.
- Pulmonary fibrosis diminishes lung compliance and oxygen diffusion.
- Obstructive pulmonary diseases include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
Respiratory System Disorders
- Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia is a complication of bronchiolitis obliterans, where alveoli and bronchioles fill with connective tissue.
- Pulmonary fibrosis is an excessive amount of connective tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased oxygen diffusion and hypoxemia.
- Pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of dust particles in the workplace, leading to chronic inflammation, pulmonary fibrosis, and susceptibility to lower airway infection and tumor formation.
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an allergic reaction to various allergens.
- Pulmonary edema is the presence of excess water in the lung, often caused by left-sided heart failure.
- ALI/ARDS is an acute, diffuse inflammatory injury to the alveolocapillary membrane, resulting in pulmonary edema and atelectasis.
- Obstructive pulmonary diseases include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa causing reversible airflow obstruction.
- COPD is the coexistence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
- Upper respiratory tract infections, such as rhinitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis, are common causes of short-term disability.
- Serious lower respiratory tract infections include pneumonia and tuberculosis.
- Pulmonary artery hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 25 mmHg at rest, caused by various factors.
Test your knowledge of respiratory disorders with this overview quiz. Explore topics such as clubbing of the fingertips, chest pain, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, acute respiratory failure, chest wall deformities, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and various pulmonary disorders.
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