Questions and Answers
The clinical finding of pink frothy sputum may be an indication of ( )
pulmonary edema
Foul-smelling sputum and bad breath may indicate ( )
signs of lung abscess or bronchiectasis
( ) is more accurate in detecting malignancies than a CT scan.
PET scan
What does COPD stand for?
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What is COR-PULMONALE?
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What is Empyema?
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What is Frail Chest?
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What is Emphysema?
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Respiratory Acidosis is associated with late stage emphysema along with ( )
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What is a Hemothorax?
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What is Influenza?
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What is Laryngeal Cancer?
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The most common cause of pneumonia is ( )
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Pneumonia symptoms include fever, cough, and ( )
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What is a Pneumothorax?
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What are the types of Pneumothorax?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the purpose of a Chest Tube?
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What do Mechanical Ventilators do?
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Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory agents available in systemic or ( ) form.
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What is an expectorant?
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The side effects of corticosteroids may include increased ( ) and blood glucose levels.
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When performing a Sputum Analysis, what type of specimens are preferred?
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What are the diagnostic tests for Tuberculosis?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Disorders and Clinical Findings
- Pink frothy sputum indicates Pulmonary Edema, often rising into the throat.
- Foul-smelling sputum may signal lung abscess, bronchiectasis, or anaerobic infections.
- PET scans provide more accurate detection of malignancies than CT scans and have equivalent accuracy to invasive procedures like thoracoscopy.
Chronic Conditions
- COPD represents a group of chronic pulmonary diseases, often linked with asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis, causing airflow obstruction.
- Cor-Pulmonale refers to right ventricular hypertrophy due to pulmonary hypertension, leading to right-sided heart failure.
- Emphysema results in alveolar destruction, leading to overinflation, loss of elasticity, reduced gas exchange, and a barrel-shaped chest.
- Bronchiectasis is characterized by bronchial dilation, excess mucus, and can lead to cor-pulmonale.
Respiratory Symptoms and Emergencies
- Respiratory acidosis and respiratory failure are complications associated with late-stage emphysema and manifest with hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
- Sleep Apnea causes airflow obstruction, leading to saturation drops.
- Status Asthmaticus indicates a prolonged asthma attack requiring immediate intervention.
- Pulmonary Embolus is a blockage in a pulmonary artery by substances such as blood clots or fats.
Fluid and Infection Related Conditions
- Hemothorax is the accumulation of blood in the pleural space, which may necessitate chest tube drainage.
- Pneumonia involves lung inflammation from pathogens and is typically presented with symptoms such as fever and cough.
- Pleural Effusion refers to excessive fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity caused by hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure imbalances.
Diagnostic Tests
- ABG tests assess gas exchange in the blood by measuring pH, PaCO2, HCO3, and PaO2.
- Chest X-ray helps visualize lung lesions and abnormalities, important for diagnosing conditions like pneumonia and pneumothorax.
- Thoracentesis is employed for sampling pleural fluid or relieving fluid accumulation and requires careful monitoring post-procedure.
Treatment Options and Interventions
- Corticosteroids (like Decadron, Medrol) control inflammation in respiratory disorders.
- Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists (e.g., Albuterol) promote bronchodilation and are preferred in inhaled form to reduce systemic effects.
- Mucolytics (e.g., Mucomyst) decrease mucus viscosity for easier expectoration.
Surgical and Invasive Procedures
- Lung Biopsy and Thoracotomy are interventions for examining or accessing lung tissue, respectively.
- Pneumonectomy involves the removal of an entire lung, while lobectomy pertains to the resection of a lung lobe.
Side Effects and Precautions
- Corticosteroids may cause elevated blood pressure, increased glucose levels, and thrush, necessitating mouth rinsing after use.
- Leukotriene Antagonists like Singulair help prevent asthma but may elevate liver enzymes.
Monitoring and Management
- Continuous monitoring is vital for patients on mechanical ventilators to assess the effectiveness of ventilation settings and patient status.
- The patient’s position during and post procedures can influence outcomes, such as placing patients on the unaffected side post-lobectomy.
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Description
Test your knowledge on respiratory disorders and their clinical findings. This quiz covers topics such as COPD, pulmonary edema, and diagnostic techniques like PET scans. Understand the symptoms, causes, and management of various chronic respiratory conditions.
