Respiratory Diseases Quiz

Respiratory Diseases: Bronchiectasis, Pleural Effusion, Asthma, and Vasculitis

Bronchiectasis is an obstructive lung disease that involves the destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue of the bronchi.
The causes of bronchiectasis include infections, congenital conditions, immunodeficiency, bronchial obstruction, and rheumatic conditions.
Bronchiectasis involves a vicious circle of transmural infection and inflammation, with the prognosis depending on the underlying cause and extent of lung involvement.
Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can be classified as transudate or exudate.
Exudate pleural effusions have high protein and cell content, while transudate pleural effusions have low protein and cell content.
The pathophysiology of pleural effusion involves an imbalance between pleural fluid formation and drainage.
Asthma is an inflammatory disorder characterized by hyper-responsiveness of the airway to various stimuli, resulting in reversible bronchospasm.
The inflammatory response in asthma includes T lymphocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils, and is associated with exudation of plasma, edema, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
The causative factors of asthma include allergic and intrinsic factors, genetic factors, environmental factors, viral infections, occupational sensitizers, and emotional factors.
The microscopic features of asthma include airway infiltration by neutrophils and eosinophils, mast cell degranulation, basement membrane thickening, loss of epithelial integrity, occlusion of bronchial lumen by mucus, and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle and goblet cells.
Pulmonary thromboembolism is a complication arising from deep vein thrombosis that results in a blood clot blocking the pulmonary artery or its branches.
Vasculitis affecting the lung includes pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and collagen vascular disorders.Overview of Vasculitis and Lung Manifestations
Wegener's Granulomatosis is characterized by pauci-immune vasculitis of small to medium-sized vessels and necrotizing granulomatous inflammation.
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) is present in Wegener's Granulomatosis, with Cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA) being specific for PR3.
Radiology tests such as CXR, CT Thorax, and CT Sinus can show nodular densities and cavitation.
Biopsy is only needed in atypical presentations, showing necrotizing vasculitis, and parenchymal necrotizing granulomatous inflammation.
Wegener's Granulomatosis symptoms include recurrent RTIs, fever, night sweats, fatigue, lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, conjunctivitis, episcleritis, and chronic sinusitis.
Pulmonary symptoms of Wegener's Granulomatosis include pulmonary infiltrates, cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea, and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage due to alveolar capillaritis.
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare systemic necrotizing, granulomatous vasculitis that affects small to medium-sized vessels.
EGPA is associated with severe asthma and blood and tissue eosinophilia and allergic rhinitis, asthma, eosinophilic infiltrative disease, vasculitis, and constitutional symptoms.
Investigations for EGPA include blood tests such as ESR, CRP, U&E, FBC, IgE, rheumatoid factor positive, and p-ANCA +.
Lung manifestations of collagen vascular disorders such as SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis-polymyositis include interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vasculitis, diffuse alveolar haemorrhage, and pleuritis.
Pulmonary symptoms of EGPA include cough, haemoptysis, and interstitial lung disease.
Other symptoms of EGPA include polyposis, purpura, bullae, nodules, digital ischemia, myocarditis, pericarditis, MI, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, and mononeuritis multiplex.

Respiratory Diseases: Bronchiectasis, Pleural Effusion, Asthma, and Vasculitis

Bronchiectasis is an obstructive lung disease that involves the destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue of the bronchi.
The causes of bronchiectasis include infections, congenital conditions, immunodeficiency, bronchial obstruction, and rheumatic conditions.
Bronchiectasis involves a vicious circle of transmural infection and inflammation, with the prognosis depending on the underlying cause and extent of lung involvement.
Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can be classified as transudate or exudate.
Exudate pleural effusions have high protein and cell content, while transudate pleural effusions have low protein and cell content.
The pathophysiology of pleural effusion involves an imbalance between pleural fluid formation and drainage.
Asthma is an inflammatory disorder characterized by hyper-responsiveness of the airway to various stimuli, resulting in reversible bronchospasm.
The inflammatory response in asthma includes T lymphocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils, and is associated with exudation of plasma, edema, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
The causative factors of asthma include allergic and intrinsic factors, genetic factors, environmental factors, viral infections, occupational sensitizers, and emotional factors.
The microscopic features of asthma include airway infiltration by neutrophils and eosinophils, mast cell degranulation, basement membrane thickening, loss of epithelial integrity, occlusion of bronchial lumen by mucus, and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle and goblet cells.
Pulmonary thromboembolism is a complication arising from deep vein thrombosis that results in a blood clot blocking the pulmonary artery or its branches.
Vasculitis affecting the lung includes pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and collagen vascular disorders.Overview of Vasculitis and Lung Manifestations
Wegener's Granulomatosis is characterized by pauci-immune vasculitis of small to medium-sized vessels and necrotizing granulomatous inflammation.
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) is present in Wegener's Granulomatosis, with Cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA) being specific for PR3.
Radiology tests such as CXR, CT Thorax, and CT Sinus can show nodular densities and cavitation.
Biopsy is only needed in atypical presentations, showing necrotizing vasculitis, and parenchymal necrotizing granulomatous inflammation.
Wegener's Granulomatosis symptoms include recurrent RTIs, fever, night sweats, fatigue, lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, conjunctivitis, episcleritis, and chronic sinusitis.
Pulmonary symptoms of Wegener's Granulomatosis include pulmonary infiltrates, cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea, and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage due to alveolar capillaritis.
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare systemic necrotizing, granulomatous vasculitis that affects small to medium-sized vessels.
EGPA is associated with severe asthma and blood and tissue eosinophilia and allergic rhinitis, asthma, eosinophilic infiltrative disease, vasculitis, and constitutional symptoms.
Investigations for EGPA include blood tests such as ESR, CRP, U&E, FBC, IgE, rheumatoid factor positive, and p-ANCA +.
Lung manifestations of collagen vascular disorders such as SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis-polymyositis include interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vasculitis, diffuse alveolar haemorrhage, and pleuritis.
Pulmonary symptoms of EGPA include cough, haemoptysis, and interstitial lung disease.
Other symptoms of EGPA include polyposis, purpura, bullae, nodules, digital ischemia, myocarditis, pericarditis, MI, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, and mononeuritis multiplex.