Questions and Answers
Which of the following events increase respiration and which decrease respiration?
Change in the _______ of breathing is accomplished by altering the amount of time spent in both inspiration and expiration.
rate
Change in the _______ of breathing is accomplished through stimulation of accessory muscles.
depth
Which of these events lead to increased airflow and which lead to decreased airflow?
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The majority of CO2 in the blood is carried as?
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The ___ is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ions out of the cell.
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The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as ____________ is abbreviated HbCO₂.
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The reaction between CO2 and H2O to form H2CO3 is catalyzed by?
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During lung inflation, the lungs cling to the internal surface of the chest wall as it expands.
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Check all of the ways that resistance may be increased.
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The greatest amount of air that can be taken into, and then expelled from, the lungs in 1 minute is?
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At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries, the P(O2) is?
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When a person's breathing depth increases while the breathing rate remains the same, it is called?
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Sputum is?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Changes and Mechanisms
- Events that increase respiration generally include physical activity, high altitude, or stress, while events that decrease respiration involve relaxation, sleep, or certain medical conditions.
- Breathing changes involve alteration in the rate and depth; the rate adjusts through time taken for inspiration and expiration, while depth is influenced by engaging accessory muscles for greater thoracic movement.
- Hypoventilation results from factors like bradypnea and obesity, leading to decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide levels in alveoli. Hyperventilation can stem from anxiety or high altitude, causing increased oxygen and decreased carbon dioxide levels.
Gas Transport and Exchange
- Most carbon dioxide in blood is carried as bicarbonate ions.
- The chloride shift is an anion exchange in red blood cells aiding bicarbonate ion transport out of cells.
- Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO₂) is formed from the combination of carbon dioxide and proteins.
- The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between CO₂ and H₂O to form H₂CO₃, influencing carbon dioxide transport.
Breathing Mechanics and Volumes
- Lung inflation occurs when lungs adhere to the chest wall during expansion.
- Physiologic dead space includes both anatomic dead space and lost alveoli, reducing effective gas exchange.
- Maximum voluntary ventilation refers to the greatest volume of air exchanged in one minute.
- The largest proportion of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma.
Pressure and Gas Laws
- At arterial ends of pulmonary capillaries, P(O₂) is lower than in alveoli, facilitating gas diffusion.
- Tissue capillaries' P(O₂) is ranked highest among capillaries, tissue fluid, and cells.
- At venous ends, P(CO₂) is equivalent inside the capillaries and alveoli.
- Boyle’s law helps classify changes regarding pressure and volume in respiratory mechanics.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Gas exchange in the alveoli occurs primarily via the process of diffusion.
- Sputum is a combination of mucus from the bronchial tree and other materials.
- Various respiratory volumes and capacities can be labeled and identified in diagrams for better understanding and recall.
Conditions Affecting Breath
- Resistance in the respiratory system can increase due to various factors like decremented chest wall elasticity, bronchoconstriction, and increased alveolar surface tension.
- Deep inhalation before an exam engages primary muscles of breathing, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the respiratory system's changes during different conditions and mechanisms of gas transport. This quiz covers topics such as hypoventilation, hyperventilation, and the role of bicarbonate in blood. Engage with scenario-based questions that highlight the physiological responses of respiration.
