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Questions and Answers
What is the process of gas exchange in the respiratory system called?
What is the process of gas exchange in the respiratory system called?
Respiration
What are the two types of vocal cords?
What are the two types of vocal cords?
What is the name of the muscle that plays a central role in respiration?
What is the name of the muscle that plays a central role in respiration?
Diaphragm
What is the term for the process of air moving into the lungs?
What is the term for the process of air moving into the lungs?
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The process of expiration is considered an active process.
The process of expiration is considered an active process.
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What is the term for the condition where air escapes from the lungs and gets trapped under the skin?
What is the term for the condition where air escapes from the lungs and gets trapped under the skin?
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What is the name of the diagnostic procedure used for direct visualization of the respiratory tract?
What is the name of the diagnostic procedure used for direct visualization of the respiratory tract?
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What is the name of the medical procedure used to remove fluid from the pleural space?
What is the name of the medical procedure used to remove fluid from the pleural space?
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What are the two main types of pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?
What are the two main types of pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?
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A patient with COPD may experience SpO2 levels around 88% to 89% and still function normally.
A patient with COPD may experience SpO2 levels around 88% to 89% and still function normally.
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What is the medical abbreviation for Tuberculosis?
What is the medical abbreviation for Tuberculosis?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Assessment
- COPD is being studied as a comparison to tuberculosis
- Respiratory functions include ventilation, respiration, acid-base balance, speech, and fluid balance.
Ventilation
- Air moves in and out of the respiratory system during inspiration and exhalation.
Respiration
- Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs at the alveolar level.
- Oxygenated blood is transported to body tissues by the circulatory system (perfusion).
- Deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs for reoxygenation.
Acid-Base Balance
- The respiratory system plays a role in acid-base balance by exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen.
- The renal system also contributes by secreting bicarbonate.
Speech
- Air movement through vocal cords produces spoken words.
Sense of Smell
- Air movement through the nose allows detection of odors.
- Sense of smell is connected to sense of taste.
Fluid Balance
- Water is removed as vapor through exhalation, maintaining fluid balance.
Respiratory System Anatomy
- Includes head structures like adenoids, eustachian tubes, tonsils, pharynx, and nasal chambers.
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Structures include the hyoid bone, glottis, cricoid cartilage, and bronchi.
- Air travels from the nose to the bronchi.
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Bronchi branch into smaller airways, culminating in alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Visualizing the Lungs
- Resembles a tree with large bronchi as branches and tiny leaves (alveoli) for gas exchange.
- Pleural friction can cause pain.
Sinus Anatomy and Issues
- Frontal sinus inflammation can lead to forehead pain due to excess mucus.
Key Structures
- Epiglottis, hyoid bone and trachea can be palpated for assessment.
True Vocal Cords
- Responsible for sound production.
False Vocal Cords
- Support the true vocal cords.
- Prevent aspiration.
Respiratory Physiology
- Inspiration: Diaphragm contraction lowers it, expands the chest cavity, and draws air into the lungs. Air pressure in the lungs is lower than outside.
- Expiration: Diaphragm relaxation increases chest pressure, expelling air.
Respiration
- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli.
- Deoxygenated blood from the body is exchanged for oxygen.
- Oxygenated blood carries oxygen to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Dead Space
- Areas in the respiratory tract where gas exchange does not occur.
Pulmonary Embolism
- Blockage in pulmonary artery or alveolar capillaries is extremely serious and can be life-threatening.
- Requires immediate medical attention.
Treatment (for Pulmonary Embolism)
- Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) medication to dissolve clots.
Patient History
- Medical conditions like COPD could impact oxygen levels.
- Past experiences with lung issues should be noted
- Asking specific questions (such as cough, breathing, pain, etc.) is crucial.
- Environmental factors (e.g., smoke) also play a role.
Current Medications
- Asthma and COPD medications.
Allergies
- Triggers that may worsen respiratory problems.
Family and Occupational History
- Family history of lung diseases could be significant.
- Exposure to environmental factors (e.g. asbestos) is important.
Social History
- Previous and current smoking habits, travel history is important
Physical Examination
- Speech, clubbing of the fingers, mouth, and neck conditions are assessed.
Vital Signs
- Respiratory rate, depth, and effort should be noted, Ideally, the patient is unaware they are being observed.
- Normal respiratory rate is under 20 breaths per minute.
- Anything under 12 breaths per minute is bradypnea.
- Anything over 20 breaths per minute is tachypnea
- Oxygen saturation (SpO2) should be measured
Lung Auscultation
- "99" should be a clear sound during auscultation, not muffled or abnormal.
- Assess both lung sides( equal expansion is normal).
- Use percussion to detect abnormalities (e.g., dullness/tympany).
- Auscultate from apex to base, avoid bony prominences
- Identify sounds that are not typical for normal breathing
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
- Normal values for pH, PaCO2, HCO3, and PaO2, should be reviewed.
Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)
- A normal SpO2 reading is between 95%.
COPD Progression
- It's a progressive disease that worsens over time.
Personal Examples
- Illustrate cases where individuals with COPD needed to adapt.
Patient History
- Knowing a patient's medical history, helps to understand their condition and how to manage care.
Pulse Oximetry
- A pulse oximeter measures oxygen saturation levels in the blood.
- Normal levels are 90%-99% but, COPD patients may function normally with lower levels (88%-89%)
Capnography
- Used for patients with PCA pumps, to monitor CO2 levels.
- Can help to identify abnormalities.
Sputum Collection
- Collected for culture to identify the microorganism causing the infection.
- A broad-spectrum antibiotic should be started before the culture results are known
- Identify TB and malignancies.
Types of Pneumonia
- Viral, bacterial, and fungal pneumonia.
- Viral infections typically resolve within 10 days; bacterial or fungal require different treatments.
Diagnostic Studies
- Chest x-rays
- Identification of relevant abnormalities (consolidation, fluid buildup, etc.)
- X-rays assess pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc
- X-rays will reveal walled off nodules for tuberculosis.
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
- Measures lung capacity and function
- Evaluate lung volume and airflow
Bronchoscopy
- Direct visualization of the respiratory tract.
- Helpful in collecting specimens, placing tubes, and removing obstructions.
Thoracentesis
- Removing fluid or air from the pleural space.
- Can be used for diagnostic purposes and to alleviate problems like fluid buildup.
Lung Biopsy
- Removal and analysis of lung tissue.
Methods
- Explains different ways of acquiring lung tissue for testing
Case Studies
- Illustrative examples showing patient details like symptoms and diagnoses
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Description
Test your knowledge on respiratory assessment, including the roles of ventilation, respiration, and acid-base balance. This quiz also covers the importance of the respiratory system in speech and the sense of smell. Dive into key concepts and enhance your understanding of respiratory health.
