Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of breathing pattern is characterized by progressively deeper breathing followed by temporary apnea?
What type of breathing pattern is characterized by progressively deeper breathing followed by temporary apnea?
- Asymmetrical chest expansion
- Kussmaul's breathing
- Paradoxical chest movement
- Cheyne-Stokes breathing (correct)
What type of chest abnormality is associated with severe metabolic acidosis?
What type of chest abnormality is associated with severe metabolic acidosis?
- Pectus carinatum
- Paradoxical chest movement
- Asymmetrical chest
- Overinflated chest (correct)
What is the purpose of using the ulnar side of the hand to assess tactile vocal fremitus?
What is the purpose of using the ulnar side of the hand to assess tactile vocal fremitus?
- To assess symmetrical or asymmetrical chest expansion
- To evaluate increased or decreased vibrations over areas of the chest (correct)
- To feel the apex beat of the heart
- To determine if the trachea is central or deviated
What type of chest abnormality is indicated by a displaced apex beat of the heart?
What type of chest abnormality is indicated by a displaced apex beat of the heart?
What is the significance of assessing the symmetry of chest expansion during physical examination?
What is the significance of assessing the symmetry of chest expansion during physical examination?
What is the purpose of palpating the trachea during the physical examination?
What is the purpose of palpating the trachea during the physical examination?
What is a common presenting symptom of pericardial tuberculosis?
What is a common presenting symptom of pericardial tuberculosis?
How is pericardial tuberculosis diagnosed?
How is pericardial tuberculosis diagnosed?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical form of extrathoracic tuberculosis discussed in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical form of extrathoracic tuberculosis discussed in the text?
How do nodes affected by cervical lymph node tuberculosis usually feel upon physical examination?
How do nodes affected by cervical lymph node tuberculosis usually feel upon physical examination?
What may happen to untreated cervical lymph node tuberculosis if it progresses?
What may happen to untreated cervical lymph node tuberculosis if it progresses?
What is the most common route through which tubercle bacilli reach the central nervous system in TB meningitis?
What is the most common route through which tubercle bacilli reach the central nervous system in TB meningitis?
What is the process called when the genome of two SARS-CoV-2 variants combine during viral replication to form a new variant?
What is the process called when the genome of two SARS-CoV-2 variants combine during viral replication to form a new variant?
What is the name given to the lineage that results from recombination of two SARS-CoV-2 variants?
What is the name given to the lineage that results from recombination of two SARS-CoV-2 variants?
What is the hierarchical naming system used for SARS-CoV-2 lineages called?
What is the hierarchical naming system used for SARS-CoV-2 lineages called?
What is the relationship between a 'lineage' and a 'sublineage' in the PANGO Lineage System?
What is the relationship between a 'lineage' and a 'sublineage' in the PANGO Lineage System?
What type of SARS-CoV-2 variant is BA.2.75?
What type of SARS-CoV-2 variant is BA.2.75?
What is the recommended wait time before interpreting the tuberculin skin test (TST)?
What is the recommended wait time before interpreting the tuberculin skin test (TST)?
What is the recommended course of action if a patient has a cough for more than 2 weeks with antibiotics?
What is the recommended course of action if a patient has a cough for more than 2 weeks with antibiotics?
What is the recommended diameter of induration for a positive TST in immunosuppressed children?
What is the recommended diameter of induration for a positive TST in immunosuppressed children?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an appropriate clinical sample for bacteriological confirmation of tuberculosis?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an appropriate clinical sample for bacteriological confirmation of tuberculosis?
What is the recommended test for detecting both tuberculosis and resistance to rifampicin in less than 2 hours?
What is the recommended test for detecting both tuberculosis and resistance to rifampicin in less than 2 hours?
What is the purpose of Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) in the diagnosis of tuberculosis?
What is the purpose of Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) in the diagnosis of tuberculosis?
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?
What is the function of cilia in the upper respiratory tract?
What is the function of cilia in the upper respiratory tract?
Which zone of the respiratory system forms a path for conduction of inhaled gases?
Which zone of the respiratory system forms a path for conduction of inhaled gases?
What is the role of the trachea in the lower respiratory tract?
What is the role of the trachea in the lower respiratory tract?
Which part of the respiratory system enables reflexive air movements like coughing and sneezing?
Which part of the respiratory system enables reflexive air movements like coughing and sneezing?
Study Notes
SARS-CoV-2 Variants
- BA.2.75 is a sublineage of BA.2, a viral genome that may contain one or more mutations
- Recombination is a process in which the genome of 2 SARS-CoV-2 variants combine during the viral replication process to form a new variant that is different from both parent lineages
- This may occur when a person is infected with two variants at the same time
- The lineage that results from recombination is called a recombinant
Pango Lineage System
- The Pango lineage system is hierarchical, like a family tree
- Lineages are evolutionary descendants of a "parent" lineage
- A lineage may be described as a "sublineage" when it is being discussed in relation to its parent lineage
- Lineages are named using an alphabetical prefix and numerical suffix
Tuberculosis (TB)
Diagnosis
- PPD (purified protein derivative) test: a marker is injected, and the test is interpreted after 48-72 hours
- Palpation: if the marker is erased, measure the induration
- A TST (tuberculin skin test) should be regarded as positive:
- In children who are immunosuppressed: >5mm diameter of induration
- In all other children: >10mm diameter of induration
- Bacteriological confirmation: whenever possible, using appropriate clinical samples (e.g. sputum, gastric aspirates)
- HIV testing: should be offered to all patients, including children, with presumptive and diagnosed TB
- Chest radiography: opacification in the lung, together with enlarged hilar or subcarinal lymph glands
Clinical Forms of TB
Extrapulmonary TB
- Cervical lymph nodes (scrofula/TB adenitis): most common form of extrapulmonary TB in children
- Symptoms: often absent, nodes are painless, firm, discrete, and movable, becoming adherent to each other and anchored to the surrounding tissues
- Physical examination: to find lymph nodes, measure and take note of tenderness, firmness, and movability
TB Meningitis
- Most common type of TB of the nervous system
- The tubercle bacilli reach the CNS via the blood stream during its lymphohematogenous spread
- 3 stages of TB meningitis
Respiratory System
Anatomy
- Functionally, the respiratory system can be separated into two zones:
- Conducting zone (nose to bronchioles): forms a path for conduction of inhaled gases
- Respiratory zone (alveolar duct to alveoli): gas exchange takes place
- Anatomically, the respiratory system can be separated into upper and lower respiratory tract
- Upper respiratory tract: lined with mucous membranes, parts include nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx
- Lower respiratory tract: major passages and structures include the trachea, right and left bronchus, bronchioles, and lungs containing the alveoli
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on assessing respiratory conditions based on chest shape, nature of breathing, operation scars, palpation, and other abnormalities. Questions may cover overinflated chest in severe acute asthma, asymmetry in pneumothorax, Kussmaul's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, paradoxical chest movement, and trachea palpation techniques.
