Oxygenation Lecture
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Questions and Answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for preventing food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

  • Larynx
  • Epiglottis (correct)
  • Bronchi
  • Pharynx

    • The left lung has three lobes.

    False

    What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

    To reduce surface tension between alveoli and prevent collapsing.

    The process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissue is known as __________.

    <p>perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypoxia?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypoxia = Inadequate amount of oxygen available to cells Dyspnea = Difficulty breathing Tachycardia = Rapid heart rate often due to low oxygen levels Cyanosis = Bluish skin due to poor oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one nursing intervention that can help preserve pulmonary function.

    <p>Administering oxygen therapy or encouraging deep breathing exercises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is commonly delivered through inhalation to manage respiratory conditions?

    <p>Bronchodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor affecting oxygenation in older adults?

    <p>Reduced muscle power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoventilation is characterized by an increased rate of air movement into the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spirometry in respiratory assessment?

    <p>To measure ventilation, specifically the movement of air in and out of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ muscle moves less efficiently in older adults, contributing to breathing difficulties.

    <p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung sound is characterized as intermittent and occurs when air moves through fluid-filled airways?

    <p>Crackles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following assessment techniques to their corresponding focus areas:

    <p>Inspection = General appearance and level of consciousness Auscultation = Listening for breath sounds Palpation = Skin temperature and tenderness Percussion = Assessing lung density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulse oximetry is an invasive technique that measures blood oxygen levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of nursing interventions in relation to pulmonary function preservation?

    <p>To maintain or improve lung function and ensure adequate oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a precaution for oxygen administration?

    <p>Use synthetic fabrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchodilators work by reducing inflammation in the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a nebulizer?

    <p>To disperse fine particles of liquid medication into the deeper respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To promote tissue perfusion, it is important to manage _____ balance.

    <p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of expectorants?

    <p>To facilitate removal of respiratory secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the inhaled medications with their functions:

    <p>Bronchodilators = Decrease airway resistance Corticosteroids = Reduce lung inflammation Mucolytic Agents = Thin and break down mucus Cough Suppressants = Suppress nonproductive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients should take corticosteroids and not rinse their mouths afterwards.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The BiPAP device provides _____ levels of air pressure during inspiration and expiration.

    <p>changing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bronchodilators?

    <p>Dilate the bronchi and bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artificial airways are introduced to facilitate airway clearance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one way to promote adequate oxygenation for a patient.

    <p>Turn the patient to the prone position regularly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cough suppressants are used for _________ cough without congestion.

    <p>nonproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the inhaled medication with its primary effect:

    <p>Bronchodilators = Increase airflow to the lungs Mucolytic Agents = Break up and thin mucus Corticosteroids = Reduce inflammation Expectorants = Facilitate removal of secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a precaution for oxygen administration?

    <p>Use oils in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing fluid intake helps keep secretions thin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are devices that deliver a controlled dose of medication during inhalation.

    <p>Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Perform gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left lung has three lobes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the muscle that plays a critical role in pulmonary ventilation during inspiration.

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition known as __________ is characterized by an inadequate amount of oxygen available to cells.

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>Prevent lung collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypoxia = Inadequate oxygen available to cells Dyspnea = Difficulty breathing Tachycardia = Increased heart rate Cyanosis = Bluish discoloration of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pleura in the lungs?

    <p>To line the lungs and thoracic cavity with a serous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perfusion refers to the process of gas exchange in the alveoli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect oxygenation in older adults?

    <p>Increased activity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crackles are a continuous lung sound often heard during inhalation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Pulse Oximetry in respiratory assessment?

    <p>To measure peripheral arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation of arterial blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ refers to the thickness of the membrane between the alveoli and capillaries, which can affect gas exchange.

    <p>alveolar-capillary membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of breath sounds with their characteristics:

    <p>Vesicular = Low pitched, soft sound during expiration, heard over most of the lungs Bronchial = High pitched, heard over the trachea Bronchovesicular = Medium pitched during expiration, heard over upper chest Adventitious = Abnormal lung sounds such as wheezes or crackles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory factor involves the ability of the lungs to expand?

    <p>Lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wheezes are primarily heard during inhalation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one key assessment consideration for elderly patients during respiratory evaluation.

    <p>Bony landmarks are more pronounced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of bronchodilators?

    <p>Dilate the bronchi and bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect oxygenation?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cough suppressants are recommended for productive coughs with congestion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm in older adults moves more efficiently than in younger adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one precaution that must be taken when administering oxygen.

    <p>Avoid open flames</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe decreased air movement into the lungs?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients should drink at least _____ to keep their secretions thin.

    <p>1.5 to 2 L of fluids daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ lung sounds are characterized by intermittent crackling noises when air moves through fluid-filled airways.

    <p>Crackles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the inhaled medications with their respective effects:

    <p>Bronchodilators = Increase airflow to the lungs Mucolytic Agents = Thin and break up mucus Corticosteroids = Reduce inflammation in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test measures the peripheral arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation of arterial blood?

    <p>Pulse Oximetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device delivers a controlled dose of medication during inhalation?

    <p>Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deep-breathing exercises can help improve oxygenation and reduce hypoventilation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of breath sounds with their characteristics:

    <p>Vesicular = Low pitched, soft sound during expiration Bronchial = High pitched, heard over the trachea Bronchovesicular = Medium pitched during expiration Wheezes = Continuous sound mainly heard on expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor affecting oxygenation in the elderly.

    <p>Decreased activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BiPAP provides _____ levels of air pressure as patients breathe in and out.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auscultation is a physical examination technique that involves using sight to assess a patient's condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the upper respiratory system?

    <p>Warm, filter, and humidify inspired air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right lung has two lobes, while the left lung has three lobes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the small air sacs where gas exchange occurs called?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a condition characterized by inadequate oxygen available to cells.

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory components with their functions:

    <p>Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Surfactant = Reduces surface tension in alveoli Pleura = Lining of the lungs and thoracic cavity Diaphragm = Muscle involved in ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissue called?

    <p>Perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dyspnea refers to a condition characterized by difficulty breathing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle primarily aids in pulmonary ventilation during inspiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Upper Respiratory System

    • Functions: warms, filters, humidifies inspired air
    • Composed of: nose, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis

    Lower Respiratory System

    • Functions: conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, production of surfactant
    • Composed of: trachea, right and left bronchi, terminal bronchiole

    Anatomy of the Lungs

    • Organs of respiration
    • Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes
    • Composed of elastic tissue
      • Alveoli: small air sacs where gas exchange occurs
      • Surfactant: reduces surface tension between alveoli, preventing collapse
      • Pleura: serous membrane lining the lungs (visceral) and thoracic cavity (parietal)

    The Cardiovascular System

    • Composed of: heart and blood vessels
    • The heart is a muscle divided into 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
      • The atria receive blood from the veins
      • The ventricles force blood through the arteries

    Physiology of the Respiratory and Cardiovascular System

    • Pulmonary Ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs
      • Inspiration (active phase): diaphragm moves down
      • Expiration (passive phase): diaphragm moves up
    • Respiration (gas exchange): involves gas exchange between atmospheric air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
      • Intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
    • Perfusion: oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissue
      • Amount and frequency of gas exchange depends on blood volume
      • Carried by plasma and red blood cells

    Requirements for Normal Respiratory Function

    • Ability to transport air to and from the lungs
    • Properly functioning alveolar system:
      • Oxygenates venous blood
      • Removes carbon dioxide
    • Properly functioning cardiovascular and hematologic system:
      • Carries nutrients and waste to and from body cells

    Alterations in Respiratory Function

    • Hypoxia: inadequate oxygen available to cells
      • Symptoms: cyanosis, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, restlessness, dyspnea, pallor, confusion, increased respiratory rate
    • Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
    • Hypoventilation: decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs

    Factors Affecting Oxygenation

    • Level of health
    • Developmental stage
    • Lifestyle
    • Medications
    • Environment
    • Psychological health

    Respiratory Factors Affecting Oxygenation

    • Lung compliance
    • Strength of surrounding muscles
    • Thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane
    • Decreased cardiac output
    • Decrease in red blood cells
    • Use of accessory muscles

    Factors Affecting Oxygenation in Older Adults

    • Tissues and airways become less elastic
    • Muscle power is reduced
    • Diaphragm moves less efficiently
    • Chest unable to stretch as much
    • Airways collapse more easily
    • Decreased activity

    Applying the Nursing Process: Assessment

    • Health history: medications, lifestyle, ADLs, usual patterns of respiration, fatigue, recent changes
    • Physical examination: inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion
      • Inspection: general appearance, level of consciousness, orientation, skin, mucous membranes
      • Auscultation:
        • Normal breath sounds: vesicular, bronchial, bronchovesicular
        • Adventitious lung sounds: crackles, wheezes
      • Palpation: skin temperature and color, masses, edema, tenderness, presence of vibrations, capillary refill
    • Diagnostic and lab tests:
      • Spirometry: measures ventilation
      • Pulse oximetry: noninvasive technique that measures peripheral arterial oxygen saturation
      • Arterial blood gas (ABG): measures blood pH and gases to evaluate acid-base and oxygenation status
      • Sputum collection
      • Electrocardiogram (ECG): electrodes attached to the skin detect electrical currents
      • Thoracentesis: removal of fluid from pleural space
      • Pulmonary function tests (PFT)
        • Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP): provides changing levels of air pressure during inspiration and expiration

    Precautions for Oxygen Administration

    • Avoid open flames
    • No smoking signs should be posted
    • Ensure electrical equipment is working properly
    • Avoid wearing synthetic fabrics
    • Avoid using oils in the area

    ### Increase Cardiac Output and Tissue Perfusion

    • Manage fluid balance
    • Activity restrictions
    • Assistance with ADLs
    • Positioning
    • Administer medications

    Inhaled Medications

    • Bronchodilators: dilate the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the airways and increasing airflow
    • Mucolytic agents: break up and thin mucus, making it easier to clear from the airways
    • Corticosteroids: reduce inflammation in the lungs

    Inhaled Medication Delivery Devices

    • Nebulizer: disperses fine particles of liquid medication into the deeper respiratory tract
    • Metered dose inhaler (MDI): delivers a controlled dose of medication with each compression
      • Must shake canister and hold upright
      • May need a spacer
      • Activate canister while inhaling
    • Dry powder inhaler (DPI): breath activated delivery of medication
      • Metered dose: measured dose
      • If using corticosteroids, make sure the patient rinses with water after use

    Cough Medications

    • Cough suppressants: used for non-productive cough without congestion
    • Expectorants: facilitate removal of respiratory tract secretions
      • Patient must be congested
    • Lozenges: relieve mild, non-productive cough without congestion

    Promote Airway Clearance

    • Monitor environmental and lifestyle conditions
    • Introduce artificial airways
    • Suction the airway
    • Teach controlled breathing exercises
    • Introduce chest drainage systems
    • Chest physiotherapy

    Facts

    • Patients can help keep secretions thin by drinking 1.5-2 liters of fluid daily
    • Turning to the prone position regularly improves oxygenation
    • Deep breathing exercises can be used to overcome hypoventilation
      • Instruct the patient to make each breath deep enough to move the bottom ribs.

    Upper Respiratory System

    • Warms, filters, and humidifies inspired air.
    • Composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis.

    Lower Respiratory System

    • Conducts air, clears mucus, and produces surfactant.
    • Composed of the trachea, right and left bronchi, and terminal bronchioles.

    Anatomy of the lungs

    • The organs of respiration.
    • The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes.
    • Composed of elastic tissues:
      • Alveoli: Sites of gas exchange.
      • Surfactant: Reduces surface tension between alveoli, preventing collapse.
      • Pleura: Serous membrane lining the lungs (visceral) and thoracic cavity (parietal).

    Cardiovascular System

    • Composed of the heart and blood vessels.
    • The heart is a muscle divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
      • Atria receive blood from veins.
      • Ventricles force blood through arteries.

    Physiology of Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems

    • Pulmonary Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
      • Inspiration (active): Diaphragm moves down.
      • Expiration (passive): Diaphragm moves up.
    • Respiration: Gas exchange between atmospheric air in alveoli and blood in capillaries.
      • Intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.
    • Perfusion: Oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissues.
      • Amount and frequency of gas exchange depends on blood volume.
      • Carried by plasma and red blood cells.

    Requirements for Normal Respiratory System Function

    • Ability to transport air to and from the lungs.
    • Properly functioning alveolar system:
      • Oxygenate venous blood.
      • Remove carbon dioxide.
    • Properly functioning cardiovascular and hematologic systems:
      • Carry nutrients and waste to and from body cells.

    Alterations in Respiratory Function

    • Hypoxia: Inadequate oxygen available to cells.
      • Signs and symptoms: Cyanosis, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, restlessness, dyspnea, pallor, confusion, increased respiratory rate.
    • Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing.
    • Hypoventilation: Decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs.

    Factors Affecting Oxygenation

    • Level of health.
    • Developmental stage.
    • Lifestyle.
    • Medications.
    • Environment.
    • Psychological health.

    Respiratory Factors Affecting Oxygenation

    • Lung compliance.
    • Strength of surrounding muscles.
    • Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane.
    • Decreased cardiac output.
    • Decrease in red blood cell count.
    • Use of accessory muscles.

    Factors Affecting Oxygenation in Older Adults

    • Tissues and airways become less elastic.
    • Muscle strength reduces.
    • Diaphragm moves less efficiently.
    • Chest stretches less.
    • Airways collapse more easily.
    • Decreased activity levels.

    Applying the Nursing Process: Assessment

    • Health history includes medications, lifestyle, ADLs, usual respiratory patterns, fatigue, and recent changes.
    • Physical examination includes inspection, auscultation, palpation, and percussion.
    • Diagnostic and laboratory tests include:
      • Spirometry: Measures ventilation.
      • Pulse oximetry: Measures peripheral arterial oxygen saturation.
      • Arterial blood gas (ABG): Evaluates acid-base balance and oxygenation status.
      • Sputum collection.
      • ECG (electrocardiogram).
      • Thoracentesis: Removal of fluid from the pleural space.
      • Pulmonary function tests (PFTs).
      • Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP): Provides changing levels of air pressure during inspiration and expiration.

    Precautions for Oxygen Administration

    • Avoid open flames.
    • Post no-smoking signs.
    • Ensure electrical equipment is functioning properly.
    • Avoid wearing synthetic fabrics.
    • Avoid using oils in the treatment area.

    Increasing Cardiac Output & Tissue Perfusion

    • Manage fluid balance.
    • Implement activity restrictions.
    • Assist with ADLs.
    • Position the patient appropriately.
    • Administer medications.

    Inhaled Medications

    • Bronchodilators: Dilate bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing airway resistance and increasing airflow.
    • Mucolytic agents: Break up and thin mucus, facilitating clearance from the airways.
    • Corticosteroids: Reduce inflammation in the lungs.

    Inhaled Medication Delivery Devices

    • Nebulizer: Disperses fine particles of liquid medication into the deeper respiratory tract.
    • Metered dose inhaler (MDI): Delivers a controlled dose of medication with each compression.
    • Dry powder inhaler (DPI): Breath-activated delivery of medication.

    Cough Medications

    • Cough suppressants: Used for non-productive coughs without congestion.
    • Expectorants: Facilitate removal of respiratory tract secretions.
    • Lozenges: Relieve mild, non-productive coughs without congestion.

    Promote Airway Clearance

    • Monitor environmental and lifestyle conditions.
    • Introduce artificial airways.
    • Suction the airway.
    • Teach controlled breathing exercises.
    • Introduce chest drainage systems.
    • Implement chest physiotherapy.

    Additional Facts

    • Patients can maintain thin secretions by drinking 1.5-2 liters of fluids daily.
    • Turning to the prone position regularly improves oxygenation.
    • Deep-breathing exercises can help overcome hypoventilation. Instruct the patient to breathe deeply enough to move their lower ribs.

    Upper Respiratory System

    • Responsible for warming, filtering, and humidifying inspired air
    • Composed of nose, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis

    Lower Respiratory System

    • Functions include air conduction, mucociliary clearance, and surfactant production
    • Composed of trachea, right and left bronchi, and terminal bronchiole

    Anatomy of the Lungs

    • Organs of respiration
    • Right lung has three lobes, left lung has two
    • Composed of elastic tissue
      • Alveoli: small air sacs where gas exchange occurs
      • Surfactant: reduces surface tension between alveoli, preventing collapse
      • Pleura: serous membrane lining the lungs (visceral) and thoracic cavity (parietal)

    The Cardiovascular System

    • Composed of heart and blood vessels
    • Heart is a muscle divided into four chambers (two atria and two ventricles)
      • Atria receive blood from veins
      • Ventricles force blood through arteries

    Physiology of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular System

    • Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs
      • Inspiration (active phase): diaphragm moves down
      • Expiration (passive phase): diaphragm moves up
    • Respiration (gas exchange): gas exchange between atmospheric air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
      • Intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
    • Perfusion: oxygenated capillary blood passing through body tissue
      • Amount and frequency of gas exchange depend on blood volume

    Required for Normal Functioning of the Respiratory System

    • Ability to transport air to and from the lungs
    • Properly functioning alveolar system:
      • Oxygenates venous blood
      • Removes carbon dioxide
    • Properly functioning cardiovascular and hematologic system:
      • Carries nutrients and waste to and from body cells

    Alterations in Respiratory Function

    • Hypoxia: inadequate oxygen availability to cells
      • Signs and symptoms include cyanosis, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, restlessness, dyspnea, pallor, confusion, and increased respiratory rate
    • Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
    • Hypoventilation: decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs

    Factors Affecting Oxygenation

    • Level of health
    • Developmental stage
    • Lifestyle
    • Medications
    • Environment
    • Psychological health

    Respiratory Factors Affecting Oxygenation

    • Lung compliance
    • Strength of surrounding muscles
    • Thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane
    • Decreased cardiac output
    • Decrease in RBC
    • Use of accessory muscles

    Factors Affecting Oxygenation in Older Adults

    • Tissues and airways become less elastic
    • Muscle strength is reduced
    • Diaphragm moves less efficiently
    • Chest expansion is decreased
    • Airways collapse more easily
    • Decreased activity

    Nursing Process for Oxygenation

    • Assessment: health history, physical examination, diagnostics, and lab tests
      • Health history includes medications, lifestyle, ADLs, usual respiration patterns, fatigue, and recent changes
      • Assessment considerations for older adults:
        • Bony landmarks are more pronounced
        • Kyphosis contributes to leaning forward
        • Tissues and airways are less elastic
    • Physical examination: inspection, auscultation, palpation, and percussion
      • Inspection: general appearance, level of consciousness, orientation, skin, and mucous membranes
      • Auscultation: normal breath sounds (vesicular, bronchial, and bronchovesicular) and adventitious lung sounds (crackles, wheezes)
      • Palpation: skin temperature and color, masses, edema, tenderness, vibrations, and capillary refill
    • Diagnostic and lab tests:
      • Spirometry: measures ventilation
      • Pulse oximetry: measures peripheral arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation
      • Arterial blood gas (ABG): measures blood pH and arterial gases
      • Sputum collection
      • Electrocardiogram (ECG): detects electric currents in the heart
      • Thoracentesis: removal of fluid from pleural space
      • Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)
      • Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP): provides changing levels of air pressure during breathing

    Precautions for Oxygen Administration

    • Avoid open flames
    • No smoking signs should be posted
    • Ensure electrical equipment is functional
    • Avoid wearing synthetic fabrics
    • Avoid using oils in the area

    Increase Cardiac Output & Tissue Perfusion

    • Manage fluid balance
    • Activity restrictions
    • Assistance with ADLs
    • Positioning
    • Administer medications

    Inhaled Medications

    • Bronchodilators: dilate bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing airway resistance and increasing airflow
    • Mucolytic agents: break up and thin mucus for easier airway clearance
    • Corticosteroids: reduce inflammation in the lungs

    Inhaled Medication Delivery Devices

    • Nebulizer: disperses fine particles of liquid medication into the deeper respiratory tract
    • Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI): delivers a controlled dose of medication with each compression
    • Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI): breath-activated delivery of medication

    Cough Medications

    • Cough suppressants: used for nonproductive coughs without congestion
    • Expectorants: facilitate removal of respiratory tract secretions, used for congested patients
    • Lozenges: relieve mild, nonproductive coughs without congestion

    Promote Airway Clearance

    • Monitor environmental and lifestyle conditions
    • Introduce artificial airways
    • Suction the airway
    • Teach controlled breathing exercises
    • Introduce chest drainage systems
    • Chest physiotherapy

    Facts

    • Adequate fluid intake (1.5-2 L daily) helps keep secretions thin
    • Turning to the prone position regularly improves oxygenation
    • Deep-breathing exercises help overcome hypoventilation; inhale deeply enough to move the bottom ribs

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