Respiratory and Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

  • To facilitate gas exchange between atmospheric air and blood (correct)
  • To pump oxygenated blood to the tissues
  • To transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart
  • To regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction

During which step of oxygenation does the cardiovascular system play a crucial role?

  • Perfusion (correct)
  • Ventilation
  • Diffusion
  • Respiration

What is the direction of blood flow in arteries?

  • Away from the heart (correct)
  • Throughout the entire body
  • Towards the heart
  • In a circular motion

What is the primary function of ventilation in the oxygenation process?

<p>To move gases into and out of the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chambers are present in the heart?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following heart valves is responsible for separating the left atrium from the left ventricle?

<p>Mitral valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sinoatrial node in the heart?

<p>To initiate electrical impulses for heart contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

<p>Pulmonary veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

<p>To carry oxygen from the lungs to the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart structure transmits electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system in oxygenation?

<p>To pump oxygenated blood to body tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to the body without the heart's pumping action?

<p>The body would experience decreased oxygenation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of gas exchange in the oxygenation process?

<p>The lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the respiratory system in oxygenation?

<p>To facilitate the diffusion of gases in the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood is returned to the heart and lungs?

<p>Deoxygenated blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for decreased ventilation in older patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>Decreased air exchange and accumulation of secretions in lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do older patients require accessory muscles during expiration?

<p>Due to weaker lung recoil and muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fibrous tissue in alveoli on oxygenation in older patients?

<p>Decreases gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does altered pain sensation in older patients impact their oxygenation?

<p>Decreases their ability to detect respiratory problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of decreased cardiac output on older patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>Decreases their ability to respond to stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of scoliosis on respiratory function?

<p>Air trapping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correlations has been observed?

<p>Between obesity and chronic bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the elasticity of tissues with aging?

<p>It decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of certain medications on the medullary respiratory center?

<p>It depresses respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of decreased activity and aging on the heart?

<p>Stiff heart valves and decreased overall heart function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor increases the risk of lung cancer?

<p>Air pollution in cities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a psychological factor that can lead to bronchial asthma?

<p>Anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cultural factor that can affect health?

<p>Encouragement or discouragement of healthy habits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of sedentary lifestyle?

<p>Increased risk of many problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common risk factor for many health problems?

<p>Sedentary lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of assessing the patient's general appearance during a cardiopulmonary assessment?

<p>To identify signs of anxiety or distress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of assessing the patient's mucous membrane during a cardiopulmonary assessment?

<p>To detect signs of pallor or cyanosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of assessing the patient's chest during a cardiopulmonary assessment?

<p>To detect signs of retractions or asymmetry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of assessing the patient's pulses during a cardiopulmonary assessment?

<p>To assess the patient's peripheral perfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnosis related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand?

<p>Activity intolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor identified in the patient's cardiopulmonary assessment?

<p>Tobacco use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the planning phase in the nursing process?

<p>Generate solutions to the patient's problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the implementation phase in the nursing process?

<p>Taking action to promote optimal function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the evaluation phase in the nursing process?

<p>Evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a specific, measurable goal in the planning phase?

<p>Patient will ambulate 20 feet without becoming short of breath in 48 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of setting priorities in the planning phase?

<p>To determine which goal is most important (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of wheezes in abnormal lung sounds?

<p>Continuous, musical, and heard through constricted airways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probable cause of rhonchi in a patient?

<p>Moving mucus around when coughing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of crackles or rales in abnormal lung sounds?

<p>Discontinuous, soft, and heard during inspiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probable cause of a heart murmur in a patient?

<p>Improper valve closure in the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of abnormal lung sounds?

<p>They are all produced by abnormal airway resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of rhonchi in abnormal lung sounds?

<p>Low-pitched, continuous sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of wheezes in abnormal lung sounds?

<p>Swelling, narrowing, or secretions in the airways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of crackles or rales in abnormal lung sounds?

<p>Soft, high-pitched, discontinuous sounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of a heart murmur?

<p>Improper valve closure in the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of abnormal lung sounds in general?

<p>Varied, depending on the underlying cause (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nursing intervention to improve impaired gas exchange due to tobacco use?

<p>Promoting proper breathing through pursed lip breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of independent nursing interventions in patients with impaired gas exchange?

<p>Improved oxygen saturation levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing diagnosis is most relevant to a patient with a history of tobacco use?

<p>Impaired Gas Exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of patient education in patients with impaired gas exchange due to tobacco use?

<p>Lifestyle modification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of providing supplemental oxygen therapy to patients with impaired gas exchange?

<p>Improved oxygen saturation levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using an incentive spirometer in patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>To promote diaphragmatic breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a nonrebreather mask over a simple mask for supplemental oxygen therapy?

<p>It delivers higher oxygen concentrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary rationale for positioning a patient at 45 degrees to promote oxygenation?

<p>To facilitate coughing and airflow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a partial rebreather mask and a nonrebreather mask?

<p>The level of rebreathing of exhaled air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of promoting coughing in patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>To move secretions and clear airways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mitral and tricuspid valves during cardiac auscultation?

<p>To produce the S1 heart sound during ventricular contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following heart sounds is produced by the rapid filling of the ventricles during early diastole?

<p>S3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a systolic murmur during cardiac auscultation?

<p>Occurs during ventricular contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cardiac conditions can be diagnosed by auscultation with a holosystolic murmur at the apex?

<p>Mitral regurgitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of cardiac auscultation in patients with obesity?

<p>Excess tissue can make it difficult to hear heart sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of comparing heart sounds between the left and right sides of the chest during cardiac auscultation?

<p>To localize the origin of heart sounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of setting priorities in the planning phase?

<p>To identify the most important goal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a specific, measurable goal in the planning phase?

<p>Patient will be able to walk 20 feet without feeling tired (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of coordinating with other healthcare professionals in the planning phase?

<p>To improve communication and ensure continuity of care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of goal setting in the planning phase?

<p>Developing a care plan that meets the patient's needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the patient and family in the planning phase?

<p>To develop the care plan with healthcare professionals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Implementation phase in the nursing process?

<p>Taking action to promote optimal function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of patient education in patients with impaired gas exchange due to tobacco use?

<p>To promote healthy lifestyle modifications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of coordinating with other healthcare professionals in the planning phase?

<p>To develop a comprehensive plan of care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of promoting coughing in patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>To improve oxygenation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the patient and family in the planning phase?

<p>To participate in goal setting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of providing humidified air in patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>To promote expectoration of mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of maintaining adequate fluid intake in patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>To thin out mucus and keep airways moist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of positioning patients with oxygenation problems in a comfortable position?

<p>To improve the patient's lung expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for taking action to promote comfort in patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>To reduce anxiety and stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of implementing a plan to maintain adequate fluid intake in patients with oxygenation problems?

<p>To reduce the risk of dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for monitoring potassium levels in patients administered furosemide?

<p>To prevent hypokalemia and its effects on heart function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to monitor the patient's weight daily when administered furosemide?

<p>To monitor the effectiveness of the diuretic and fluid loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indicator that the patient is receiving too much furosemide?

<p>Thirst, dry mouth, lethargy, weakness, hypotension, or oliguria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering furosemide to a patient with hypertension?

<p>To reduce the patient's blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the nurse monitor during furosemide administration to prevent adverse effects?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for assessing lung sounds in a patient administered furosemide?

<p>To assess the presence of crackles and their resolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for administering metoprolol to a patient?

<p>To control hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor the patient's BP and HR before administering metoprolol?

<p>To monitor for adverse reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'XL' in Toprol XL?

<p>It indicates the medication is an extended-release formulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the nurse do if the patient is experiencing symptoms of hypotension and bradycardia after taking metoprolol?

<p>Hold the medication and call the physician (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should metoprolol not be crushed?

<p>It may lead to a rapid release of the entire dose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Lisinopril in reducing blood pressure?

<p>By relaxing cardiac arterial smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patients is at a higher risk of developing complications when taking Lisinopril?

<p>A patient with chronic kidney disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for monitoring blood pressure in patients taking Lisinopril?

<p>To monitor for the effectiveness of the medication in reducing blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of Lisinopril in patients with heart failure?

<p>It increases blood flow to the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to monitor renal function in patients taking Lisinopril?

<p>To monitor for kidney damage and adjust the dosage accordingly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of guaifenesin on respiratory system?

<p>Reduces viscosity of respiratory system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cough is produced by guaifenesin?

<p>Wet or productive cough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary administration instruction for guaifenesin?

<p>Take with a large amount of fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lung sound is guaifenesin effective for?

<p>Rhonchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a benefit of guaifenesin?

<p>Suppresses cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Dextromethorpha n on the cough reflex?

<p>Suppresses the cough reflex by a direct action on the cough center in the medulla of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Dextromethorpha n not recommended for patients with restrictive airway diseases like asthma?

<p>It closes the airways, reducing oxygenation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cough is Dextromethorpha n effective for?

<p>Nonproductive cough with no mucus production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of Dextromethorpha n?

<p>Patients with asthma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Dextromethorpha n?

<p>It suppresses the cough reflex by a direct action on the cough center in the medulla of the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using albuterol as a rescue inhaler?

<p>To immediately open airways during an asthma attack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which albuterol relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchioles?

<p>By binding to beta-2 receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of educating patients about the side effects of albuterol?

<p>To increase patient adherence to medication regimens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a metered dose inhaler to administer albuterol?

<p>It provides a more precise dose of medication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using albuterol as a rescue inhaler?

<p>To manage asthma attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why prednisone should be tapered off gradually?

<p>To prevent rebound symptoms in patients with bronchitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of assessing for infection risk in patients taking prednisone?

<p>To minimize the risk of infection by reducing inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to educate patients about dosing when taking prednisone?

<p>To promote adherence to the prescribed dosage regimen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which prednisone reduces inflammation?

<p>By reducing the production of inflammatory mediators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using prednisone in patients with COPD?

<p>Reduction of inflammation in the airways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of Fluticasone/Salmeterol (Advair) in patients with asthma and COPD?

<p>Decreases inflammation of the bronchioles and relaxes the smooth muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for the use of Fluticasone/Salmeterol (Advair)?

<p>Maintenance therapy for patients with asthma and COPD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why patients should rinse their mouth after using Fluticasone/Salmeterol (Advair)?

<p>To reduce the risk of oral candidiasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of the Salmeterol component in Fluticasone/Salmeterol (Advair)?

<p>Relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using Fluticasone/Salmeterol (Advair) as a dry powder inhaler?

<p>It is easier to administer than a metered-dose inhaler (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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