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Questions and Answers
Which of the following terms refers to decreased oxygen in the blood?
Which of the following terms refers to decreased oxygen in the blood?
- Hypercapnia
- Hypoxemia (correct)
- Hypocapnia
- Abnormalities
In respiratory physiology, what can cause airway resistance related to airway diameter, rate of air flow, and speed of gas flow?
In respiratory physiology, what can cause airway resistance related to airway diameter, rate of air flow, and speed of gas flow?
- Chronic bronchitis (correct)
- Decreased surfactant
- Alveolar walls becoming thinner
- Fibrosis
Which factor leads to decreased gas exchange due to thinner alveolar walls and fewer capillaries in the lungs?
Which factor leads to decreased gas exchange due to thinner alveolar walls and fewer capillaries in the lungs?
- Lung compliance
- Hypercapnia
- Fibrosis
- Emphysema (correct)
In gerontologic considerations, which of the following decreases with age, leading to an increased risk for respiratory diseases?
In gerontologic considerations, which of the following decreases with age, leading to an increased risk for respiratory diseases?
What part of the body experiences an increase in length and hardening of cartilage in gerontologic considerations?
What part of the body experiences an increase in length and hardening of cartilage in gerontologic considerations?
Which of the following is a primary factor affecting lung compliance?
Which of the following is a primary factor affecting lung compliance?
What is a common symptom associated with respiratory system assessment that involves pain on inspiration and increased sputum production or color change?
What is a common symptom associated with respiratory system assessment that involves pain on inspiration and increased sputum production or color change?
Which breath sounds are produced by air movement in bronchioles and alveoli?
Which breath sounds are produced by air movement in bronchioles and alveoli?
Which structure covers the lung surface?
Which structure covers the lung surface?
What is the primary function of respiration?
What is the primary function of respiration?
What is the term for the movement of O2 into the lungs?
What is the term for the movement of O2 into the lungs?
What causes a decrease in pH below 7.4 due to increased CO2 primarily in body fluids as carbonic acid?
What causes a decrease in pH below 7.4 due to increased CO2 primarily in body fluids as carbonic acid?
Which blood vessels supply blood to the trachea and bronchi?
Which blood vessels supply blood to the trachea and bronchi?
In respiratory physiology, what does CO2 primarily diffuse from?
In respiratory physiology, what does CO2 primarily diffuse from?
What determines the amount of CO2 in the body?
What determines the amount of CO2 in the body?
What does respiratory insufficiency develop from?
What does respiratory insufficiency develop from?
What is the term for the adequacy of gas exchange within pulmonary capillaries?
What is the term for the adequacy of gas exchange within pulmonary capillaries?
What is the primary function of ventilation?
What is the primary function of ventilation?
Where are crackles (formerly called rales) typically heard?
Where are crackles (formerly called rales) typically heard?
What is the main characteristic of wheezes heard during inspiration and expiration?
What is the main characteristic of wheezes heard during inspiration and expiration?
What does pulse oximetry measure?
What does pulse oximetry measure?
Where is the site for obtaining blood gas samples during an ABG test?
Where is the site for obtaining blood gas samples during an ABG test?
Which diagnostic test allows the visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi?
Which diagnostic test allows the visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi?
What is the main purpose of a thoracentesis procedure?
What is the main purpose of a thoracentesis procedure?
Which lung sound is characterized by full and deep sonorous wheezes?
Which lung sound is characterized by full and deep sonorous wheezes?
What is the main focus of pulmonary function studies using a spirometer?
What is the main focus of pulmonary function studies using a spirometer?
'Friction rubs' are characterized by which type of sound?
'Friction rubs' are characterized by which type of sound?
What does pulmonary angiography primarily view in the lungs?
What does pulmonary angiography primarily view in the lungs?
What is the main characteristic of sonorous wheezes?
What is the main characteristic of sonorous wheezes?
During which phase of breathing are wheezes typically heard?
During which phase of breathing are wheezes typically heard?
What is the primary function of arterial blood gases (ABGs)?
What is the primary function of arterial blood gases (ABGs)?
Where can blood gas samples for ABGs be obtained from?
Where can blood gas samples for ABGs be obtained from?
What is the primary focus of a pulmonary function study using a spirometer?
What is the primary focus of a pulmonary function study using a spirometer?
Which diagnostic test allows the visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi?
Which diagnostic test allows the visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi?
'Crackles' in lung sounds are most similar to which of the following?
'Crackles' in lung sounds are most similar to which of the following?
'Wheezes' are characterized by which type of sound?
'Wheezes' are characterized by which type of sound?
Through which method can ABGs be obtained?
Through which method can ABGs be obtained?
During respiratory system assessment, which factor is associated with lung sounds produced by air movement through the trachea and are loud with long expiration?
During respiratory system assessment, which factor is associated with lung sounds produced by air movement through the trachea and are loud with long expiration?
In gerontologic considerations, which change contributes to decreased gas exchange in the lungs?
In gerontologic considerations, which change contributes to decreased gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the primary factor affecting lung compliance due to decreased surfactant, fibrosis, and edema?
What is the primary factor affecting lung compliance due to decreased surfactant, fibrosis, and edema?
Which respiratory assessment symptom indicates increased sputum production or change in color/consistency of the mucus?
Which respiratory assessment symptom indicates increased sputum production or change in color/consistency of the mucus?
What do vesicular breath sounds indicate during a lung assessment?
What do vesicular breath sounds indicate during a lung assessment?
Which consideration in gerontology leads to an increased risk for respiratory diseases?
Which consideration in gerontology leads to an increased risk for respiratory diseases?
What should be inspected for signs of injury or inflammation during a respiratory system physical examination?
What should be inspected for signs of injury or inflammation during a respiratory system physical examination?
'Bronchovesicular' lung sounds are heard between which anatomical locations?
'Bronchovesicular' lung sounds are heard between which anatomical locations?
Which of the following structures separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Which of the following structures separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
What is the primary function of the mediastinum in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the mediastinum in the respiratory system?
What is the main purpose of alveolar respiration in the body?
What is the main purpose of alveolar respiration in the body?
What is the primary method by which oxygen is transported in the blood?
What is the primary method by which oxygen is transported in the blood?
In respiratory physiology, what effect does an increased concentration of CO2 in body fluids have on pH?
In respiratory physiology, what effect does an increased concentration of CO2 in body fluids have on pH?
Which term refers to the flow of blood in the pulmonary circulation?
Which term refers to the flow of blood in the pulmonary circulation?
What does respiratory insufficiency result from if there is too much interference with ventilation, diffusion, or perfusion?
What does respiratory insufficiency result from if there is too much interference with ventilation, diffusion, or perfusion?
What aspect of ventilation primarily involves the movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract?
What aspect of ventilation primarily involves the movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract?
Which condition results from an increase in CO2 primarily as carbonic acid in body fluids, causing pH levels to drop below 7.4?
Which condition results from an increase in CO2 primarily as carbonic acid in body fluids, causing pH levels to drop below 7.4?
What is the primary purpose of arterial blood gases (ABGs) in assessing a client with respiratory distress?
What is the primary purpose of arterial blood gases (ABGs) in assessing a client with respiratory distress?
Which diagnostic test allows visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi?
Which diagnostic test allows visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi?
What do sonorous wheezes (rhonchi) sound like and where are they heard?
What do sonorous wheezes (rhonchi) sound like and where are they heard?
Which lung sound is characterized by crackling or grating sounds on inspiration and expiration?
Which lung sound is characterized by crackling or grating sounds on inspiration and expiration?
What does a ventilation-perfusion scan (V-Q scan) primarily assess?
What does a ventilation-perfusion scan (V-Q scan) primarily assess?
Where is a thoracentesis procedure typically performed?
Where is a thoracentesis procedure typically performed?
'Crackles' in lung sounds are most similar to which of the following?
'Crackles' in lung sounds are most similar to which of the following?
'Wheezes' are characterized by which type of sound?
'Wheezes' are characterized by which type of sound?
'Sonorous wheezes' are heard in which anatomical structures?
'Sonorous wheezes' are heard in which anatomical structures?
What does pulse oximetry primarily measure about arterial blood?
What does pulse oximetry primarily measure about arterial blood?
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Study Notes
- Respiratory system includes upper airway (nose, paranasal sinuses, turbinates, pharynx, and larynx) and lower airway (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli)
- Paranasal sinuses have four types: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary
- Lungs perform main functions of respiration and ventilation
- Respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between atmospheric air and the blood and between the blood and cells
- Ventilation is the actual movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract
- Mechanics of ventilation include inspiration (movement of O2 into lungs), expiration (removal of CO2 from lungs), and diffusion (transferring a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration)
- Alveolar respiration is the process by which CO2 is eliminated from the body and O2 is conserved
- Pulmonary perfusion is the blood supply to the lungs, where lungs receive nutrients and O2
- Ventilation/perfusion ratio measures effectiveness of airflow within the alveoli and adequacy of gas exchange within pulmonary capillaries
- Problems in respiratory physiology include respiratory insufficiency due to interference with ventilation, diffusion, or perfusion
- Primary factors of respiratory insufficiency include hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hypocapnia
- Gerontologic considerations include changes in nasal septum, alveolar walls, and lung elasticity, which increase the risk for respiratory disease
- Assessment includes taking a history and performing physical examination, including inspecting the nose and lungs, and listening for breath sounds
- Normal breath sounds include vesicular sounds, bronchial sounds, and bronchovesicular sounds
- Adventitious lung sounds include crackles (rales), wheezes, sonorous wheezes, and friction rubs
- Diagnostic tests include arterial blood gases (ABGs), pulse oximetry, radiography, pulmonary function studies, sputum studies, and diagnostic procedures like bronchoscopy and thoracentesis.
- ABGs can be obtained by puncturing the radial, brachial, or femoral artery.
- Nursing care plan for bronchoscopy includes nursing diagnosis of fear and risk for aspiration, interventions to manage anxiety and complications, and desired outcomes.
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