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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of chondrocytes in cartilage?
Which type of connective tissue is found in the interstitial compartment?
What is the function of the lamina propria in the gut tube?
Which of the following glands is NOT linked to the gut lumen by ducts?
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What is the primary function of the respiratory epithelium in the airway?
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What is the main characteristic of bone tissue?
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What is the function of osteocytes in bone tissue?
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What is the characteristic of the fibroelastic tissue in the airway?
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What is the primary function of the smooth muscle layer in the airway?
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What is the characteristic of the cartilage in the trachea?
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What is the characteristic of the bronchioles?
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What is the innermost layer of veins?
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What is the characteristic of the Tunica Media in veins?
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What is the outermost layer of veins?
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What is the characteristic of the alveoli?
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What is the characteristic of the elastic arteries?
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What is the main function of the clefts or slits between endothelial cells in capillaries?
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Which layer of the gut tube contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?
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What is the main characteristic of the tunica intima in arteries?
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What is the primary function of the oesophagus?
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What is the main component of the tunica adventitia?
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What is the primary function of endothelial cells in capillaries?
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What is the characteristic of the muscularis mucosae in the mucosa of the gut tube?
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What is the term for the visceral peritoneum when the GI tube is below the diaphragm?
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What is the main characteristic of the tunica media in arteries?
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What is the function of the clefts or slits between endothelial cells in capillaries?
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Which layer of the gut tube contains a thin layer of smooth muscle?
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What is the characteristic of the tunica intima in arteries?
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What is the main component of the tunica adventitia?
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What is the primary function of the oesophagus?
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Which layer of the gut tube contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?
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What is the characteristic of capillaries?
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What is the primary function of the smooth muscle layer in the airway?
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What is the characteristic of the cartilage in the trachea?
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What is the characteristic of the Tunica Media in elastic arteries?
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What is the primary function of endothelial cells in capillaries?
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What is the characteristic of the tunica intima in arteries?
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What is the characteristic of the muscularis mucosae in the mucosa of the gut tube?
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What is the main function of the clefts or slits between endothelial cells in capillaries?
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Which layer of the gut tube contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?
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Which of the following connective tissue layers is characterized by the presence of fibroelastic tissue?
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Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the gut tube?
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What is the characteristic of the tunica adventitia in arteries?
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What is the primary function of endothelial cells in capillaries?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of capillary function?
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Which layer of the gut tube contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?
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What is the characteristic of the muscularis mucosae in the mucosa of the gut tube?
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Which of the following arteries is characterized by the presence of elastic fibers?
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Study Notes
Airway Structure
- The smooth muscle layer controls airway diameter and resistance to airflow and is located beneath the mucosa.
- The smooth muscle layer becomes more prominent in smaller airways.
- The submucosa is located under the smooth muscle layer and contains seromucous glands.
- Cartilage prevents collapsing and becomes less prominent as tubes get smaller.
Variations in Airway Structure
- Trachea: has C-shaped cartilage, mucous glands, and a smooth muscle layer.
- Bronchi: has discontinuous cartilage, more smooth muscle, and mucous glands.
- Bronchioles: no cartilage, no submucosal glands, and no goblet cells.
- Alveolar Duct: no cilia, no glands.
- Alveoli: have Type 1 and 2 Pneumocytes.
Structure of Veins
- Tunica Intima: a thin layer with an endothelial lining.
- Tunica Media: smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
- Tunica Adventitia/Externa: the thickest layer with longitudinally arranged thick collagen fibers that merge with surrounding connective tissue.
Structure of Elastic Arteries
- Tunica Intima: a thin layer with an endothelial lining, little collagenous connective tissue, and a thin internal elastic lamina.
- Tunica Media: smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
- Tunica Adventitia/Externa: almost as thick as the media, merging with surrounding tissue, and composed of collagen.
Structure of Capillaries
- Composed of a single layer of endothelium/endothelial cells.
- Very small diameter, forcing red blood cells to fold to pass through.
- Clefts or slits between endothelial cells allow for effective material exchange.
Gut Tubes + Glands
- Mucosa: divided into three layers: epithelial lining, supporting connective tissue (lamina propria), and a thin layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae).
- Submucosa: a layer of connective tissue that supports the mucosa, containing larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
- Muscularis Externa/Propria: consists of smooth muscle.
- Adventitia/Serosa: conducts major blood vessels and nerves, and when the GI tube is below the diaphragm, it is called serosa, which is part of the visceral peritoneum.
Oesophagus
- Conducts swallowed substances from pharynx to stomach (about 25 cm).
Cartilage
- Chondrocytes embedded in an amorphous hydrated ground substance.
- Chondrocytes secrete cartilage matrix and embed with the matrix.
- Provides structural support, resistance to compression, and is poorly vascularized.
Bone
- Osteocytes (bone cells formed from an osteoblast) embedded in a mineralized matrix.
- Not hydrated.
Interstitial Compartment (Interstitum)
- A type of loose connective tissue that supports the bronchial tree, arterio-venous tree, and continuous tubes in the digestive system.
Branching Structure of Tubes in the Airways
- Airway layers:
- Respiratory Epithelium: ciliated cells, includes a basement membrane.
- Lamina Propria: contains connective tissue, blood, and lymph, and contains fibroelastic tissue that becomes more prominent and muscular as tubes get smaller.
Blood Vessel Structure
- Tunica Intima: thin layer with endothelial lining, little collagenous connective tissue, and a thin internal elastic lamina (exclusive to arteries)
- Tunica Media: smooth muscle and elastic fibers
- Tunica Adventitia/Externa: thick layer composed of collagen, merges with surrounding tissue
Capillary Structure
- Single layer of endothelium/endothelial cells
- Very small diameter, forcing red blood cells to fold to pass through
- Clefts or slits between endothelial cells allow for effective material exchange
Gut Tube Structure
- Mucosa: divided into three layers - epithelial lining, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
- Submucosa: layer of connective tissue that supports the mucosa, contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
- Muscularis Externa/Propria: consists of smooth muscle
- Adventitia/Serosa: conducts major blood vessels and nerves, part of the visceral peritoneum (below the diaphragm)
Airway Structure
- Oesophagus: smooth muscle layer controls airway diameter and resistance to airflow
- Trachea: C-shaped cartilage, mucous glands
- Bronchi: discontinuous cartilage, more smooth muscle, mucous glands
- Bronchioles: no cartilage, no submucosal glands, no goblet cells
- Alveolar Duct: no cilia, no glands
- Alveoli: Type 1 & 2 Pneumocytes
Vein Structure
- Tunica Intima: thin layer with an endothelial lining
- Tunica Media: smooth muscle and elastic fibers
- Tunica Adventitia/Externa: thickest layer with longitudinally arranged thick collagen fibers that merge with surrounding connective tissue
Elastic Artery Structure
- No organized fibers in the dermis
Cartilage Structure
- Chondrocytes embedded in an amphorous hydrated ground substance
- Chondrocytes: cells that secrete cartilage matrix and embed with the matrix
- Provides structural support, resistance to compression, and is poorly vascularized
Bone Structure
- Osteocytes: bone cells formed from an osteoblast
- Osteocytes embedded in a mineralized matrix, not hydrated
Interstitial Compartment
- A type of loose connective tissue that supports the bronchial tree, arterio-venous tree, and continuous tubes in the digestive system
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Description
Learn about the different layers of the trachea, including the smooth muscle layer, submucosa, and cartilage, and their functions in controlling airflow and preventing collapse.
