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Questions and Answers
How does an increase in lung volume affect airway resistance?
How does an increase in lung volume affect airway resistance?
- It decreases airway resistance. (correct)
- It unpredictably affects airway resistance.
- It has no effect on airway resistance.
- It increases airway resistance.
What is the correct sequence of actions during the measurement of expiratory flow rates?
What is the correct sequence of actions during the measurement of expiratory flow rates?
- Inhale deeply, hold breath, then exhale slowly and completely.
- Exhale slowly to functional residual capacity, then inhale deeply.
- Inhale maximally to total lung capacity, then exhale rapidly and completely. (correct)
- Maximally exhale to residual volume, then inhale to total lung capacity.
What are the clinical implications of measuring lung volumes during respiratory assessment?
What are the clinical implications of measuring lung volumes during respiratory assessment?
- It only provides information about lung infections.
- It is primarily used to diagnose cardiac conditions.
- It helps assess and monitor respiratory diseases. (correct)
- It has little relevance in clinical settings.
What happens to resistance to airflow when lung volume decreases?
What happens to resistance to airflow when lung volume decreases?
What is represented by a spirogram in respiratory assessment?
What is represented by a spirogram in respiratory assessment?
What is the expected blood gas analysis for a patient experiencing respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation?
What is the expected blood gas analysis for a patient experiencing respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation?
During normal respiration, what happens to the volume of exhaled gas compared to the inhaled gas?
During normal respiration, what happens to the volume of exhaled gas compared to the inhaled gas?
In obstructive airway diseases like asthma, how are FEV1 and FVC affected?
In obstructive airway diseases like asthma, how are FEV1 and FVC affected?
What is the effect of poor ventilation on the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio?
What is the effect of poor ventilation on the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio?
What happens to the patient’s residual volume (RV) in conditions of increased airway resistance?
What happens to the patient’s residual volume (RV) in conditions of increased airway resistance?
What is the potential impact on pCO2 levels when a patient undergoes hyperventilation?
What is the potential impact on pCO2 levels when a patient undergoes hyperventilation?
Which laboratory results would likely indicate respiratory alkalosis in a patient?
Which laboratory results would likely indicate respiratory alkalosis in a patient?
What is the expected temperature of exhaled gas in comparison to inhaled gas?
What is the expected temperature of exhaled gas in comparison to inhaled gas?
Which factor contributes to turbulence in gas flow through a tube?
Which factor contributes to turbulence in gas flow through a tube?
What does a Reynolds number of greater than 2000 signify in airway gas flow?
What does a Reynolds number of greater than 2000 signify in airway gas flow?
Which of the following types of gas flow is described as silent and difficult to detect with a stethoscope?
Which of the following types of gas flow is described as silent and difficult to detect with a stethoscope?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between gas density and the likelihood of turbulent flow?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between gas density and the likelihood of turbulent flow?
Which variable does not directly affect the Reynolds number in gas flow through a tube?
Which variable does not directly affect the Reynolds number in gas flow through a tube?
What is the implication of hearing breath sounds while auscultating the lungs?
What is the implication of hearing breath sounds while auscultating the lungs?
Which of the following factors increases airway resistance during gas flow?
Which of the following factors increases airway resistance during gas flow?
In the context of gas flow, how is laminar flow primarily characterized?
In the context of gas flow, how is laminar flow primarily characterized?
What does VE represent in pulmonary flow measurement?
What does VE represent in pulmonary flow measurement?
How is dead space ventilation (VD) related to tidal volume (VT)?
How is dead space ventilation (VD) related to tidal volume (VT)?
What is the functional residual capacity (FRC) range for gas contained in conducting airways?
What is the functional residual capacity (FRC) range for gas contained in conducting airways?
What is the normal range for the dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT)?
What is the normal range for the dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT)?
What does the alveolar-arterial difference measure?
What does the alveolar-arterial difference measure?
What happens to an individual's breathing if the dead space increases?
What happens to an individual's breathing if the dead space increases?
Which factor is significant in the active regulation of blood flow within the lungs?
Which factor is significant in the active regulation of blood flow within the lungs?
What element influences the dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) in healthy adults?
What element influences the dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) in healthy adults?
What change occurs in the partial pressure of O2 and N2 until it reaches the alveoli?
What change occurs in the partial pressure of O2 and N2 until it reaches the alveoli?
What happens to blood vessels during inspiration when alveoli fill with air?
What happens to blood vessels during inspiration when alveoli fill with air?
Which of the following statements about total pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is true?
Which of the following statements about total pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is true?
How does the alveolar pressure change at the end of inspiration?
How does the alveolar pressure change at the end of inspiration?
What is the primary function of alveolar ventilation?
What is the primary function of alveolar ventilation?
What occurs to PVR during exhalation?
What occurs to PVR during exhalation?
What is the effect of an acute increase in PACO2 on the body?
What is the effect of an acute increase in PACO2 on the body?
What percentage of total PVR is accounted for by capillary beds in the lungs?
What percentage of total PVR is accounted for by capillary beds in the lungs?
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Study Notes
Blood Gas Analysis and Respiratory Alkalosis
- Respiratory alkalosis occurs due to hyperventilation, leading to excess CO2 being expelled.
- Key blood gas analysis results include:
- pH: >7.45
- pO2: >80-100 mmHg
- pCO2: 22-26 mmHg, varying with compensation status
Spirometry in Obstructive Diseases
- In conditions like asthma, both Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) are decreased, with a more significant reduction in FEV1.
- The FEV1/FVC ratio decreases in obstructive diseases.
- Increased residual volume (RV) occurs due to higher lung volumes needed to alleviate airway resistance.
Gas Flow Patterns in Airways
- Two primary gas flow types exist:
- Laminar Flow: Silent and challenging to detect in small airways with a stethoscope.
- Turbulent Flow: Produces audible breath sounds indicating turbulent airflow.
- The Reynolds number (Re) determines flow type:
- Turbulence: Re > 2000.
- Influencing factors include fluid density (d), average velocity (v), radius (r), and viscosity (η).
Lung Volume and Airway Resistance
- Increased lung volume (LV) dilates airways, reducing airflow resistance, while decreased LV increases resistance.
- Measurement of expiratory flow rates is crucial for assessing respiratory diseases.
Expiratory Flow Measurement Techniques
- Optimal measurement involves maximal inhalation to total lung capacity (TLC) followed by rapid and complete exhalation to residual volume (RV).
Dead Space Ventilation
- Dead space ventilation (VD) affects overall ventilation mechanics.
- In a healthy adult, gas in the conducting airways is 100-200 mL at functional residual capacity (FRC) compared to 3L in the entire lung.
Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships
- Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) relationships exhibit regional differences, affecting blood gas dynamics.
- Alveolar-Arterial differences in oxygen levels highlight implications for hypoxemia and performance during exercise.
Alveolar Gas Composition
- At the end of inspiration, total alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure, and gas composition shifts.
- Alveolar ventilation serves to eliminate carbon dioxide.
Changes in Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)
- PVR is influenced by inhalation/expiration cycles:
- During inhalation, capillaries' PVR increases due to alveolar expansion.
- PVR decreases during exhalation as alveoli deflate.
Importance of Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Total PVR in the lungs is lowest at FRC, optimizing gas exchange and lung mechanics.
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