60 Questions
What term is used to describe breathing that is either too slow or too shallow to meet the body's metabolic needs?
Bradypnea
Which of the following conditions may interfere with pulmonary gas exchange leading to hypoventilation?
Obesity
What is the term for a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood, resulting from lower amounts of oxygen diffusing into the blood?
Hypoxemia
What happens to blood Pco2 levels during hypoventilation?
Increase
Insufficient oxygen delivery to systemic cells due to low blood oxygen levels may result in a decrease in what process?
Aerobic cellular respiration
What happens to pH levels when there is a high blood Pco2 due to hypoventilation?
Increase
What happens to Po2 levels in the alveoli during hyperventilation?
They increase
Which of the following is a consequence of the increased Pco2 gradient during hyperventilation?
More carbon dioxide leaves the blood to enter the alveoli
What is the condition called when arterial blood Pco2 decreases below normal levels?
Hypocapnia
What is one effect of low arterial blood Pco2 on systemic blood vessels?
Vasoconstriction
Which of the following is an ironic result of hyperventilation?
Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
What condition may result if the body's buffering capacity is exceeded during hyperventilation?
Respiratory alkalosis
What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation leading to an increase in blood Pco2
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of insufficient blood Po2 or increased blood Pco2?
Hypoglycemia
What happens if hypoventilation is prolonged?
It may lead to convulsions and unconsciousness
How does blood Pco2 change if an individual is hyperventilating?
Blood Pco2 decreases
What happens to oxygen delivery to the brain during hypoventilation?
Oxygen delivery to the brain decreases
What happens when the accumulation of CO2 in the blood stimulates chemoreceptors?
It initiates inspiration before or after loss of consciousness
What is the rhythmic pressure change during breathing referred to as?
Respiratory pump
How does hyperventilation affect venous return of blood and lymph?
Increases it
What is the primary difference between hyperpnea and hyperventilation?
Hyperpnea involves increased depth, while hyperventilation involves increased rate and depth
During vigorous exercise, what happens to a person's breathing depth and rate?
Breathing depth increases, rate remains the same
How are oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production affected during exercise?
They increase
What happens to blood $Po_2$ and $Pco_2$ levels during exercise?
They remain relatively the same
What happens to breathing, cardiac output, and blood flow during exercise?
They increase to meet the increased oxygen demand and eliminate excess carbon dioxide.
What is the primary reason for the changes in breathing during exercise?
Sensory signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
How do blood Po2 and Pco2 levels change during exercise?
They remain relatively constant.
What effect does exercise have on venous return of blood and lymph?
The effect on venous return is unclear from the given information.
If exercise increases venous return of blood, how would it affect heart rate?
Heart rate would increase to accommodate the increased venous return.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a possible reason for the change in breathing during exercise?
Changes in blood pH levels.
What is the primary effect of low arterial blood Pco2 on systemic blood vessels?
Vasoconstriction
What condition is described when arterial blood Pco2 decreases below normal levels?
Hypocapnia
What is an ironic result of hyperventilation?
Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
What is the effect of low blood Pco2 on blood pH?
Increases blood pH (causes alkalosis)
Which of the following is a symptom that may accompany hyperventilation?
Muscle cramps
What is the purpose of directing a person who is hyperventilating to breathe into a paper bag?
To slow the loss of CO2
What is the primary reason for the changes in breathing during exercise?
Sensory signals relayed from proprioceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints in response to movement
What is the primary effect of hyperventilation on the chemical composition of blood?
Decreases blood Pco2 levels
How does hyperventilation affect venous return of blood and lymph?
Decreases venous return by increasing intrathoracic pressure
How do blood $Po_2$ and $Pco_2$ change during exercise?
Blood $Po_2$ and $Pco_2$ remain relatively constant
What is the primary reason for the changes in breathing rate and depth during exercise?
To remove excess carbon dioxide produced by the working muscles
If exercise increases venous return of blood, how would it affect heart rate?
Increase heart rate
During vigorous exercise, what happens to a person's breathing depth and rate?
Breathing depth and rate both increase
What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation
What is the primary difference between hyperpnea and hyperventilation?
Hyperpnea is increased breathing that meets the body's metabolic needs, while hyperventilation is increased breathing beyond the body's metabolic needs
What is the term used to describe breathing that is either too slow or too shallow to meet the body's metabolic needs?
Hypoventilation
What is the primary difference between hyperpnea and hyperventilation?
Hyperpnea is a response to exercise, while hyperventilation is a response to anxiety or panic
What happens when the accumulation of CO$_2$ in the blood stimulates chemoreceptors?
The respiratory center is stimulated, leading to increased breathing
What symptoms may result from insufficient blood Po2 or increased blood Pco2?
Lethargy, sleepiness, headache, and polycythemia
What is the consequence of low oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in tissues?
Cyanotic tissues resulting in blue skin coloration
What is the outcome of voluntary hypoventilation or cessation of breathing?
You can't hold your breath long enough to die
What stimulates chemoreceptors in response to the accumulation of CO2 in the blood?
Low pH levels
What prompts the initiation of inspiration during hypoventilation before the brain suffers from lack of oxygen?
Accumulation of CO2 in the blood
How does hypoventilation influence the blood’s pH levels?
Causes a decrease in pH levels
What is the term for breathing that is deeper, but not faster, during vigorous exercise?
Hyperpnea
How do blood Po2 and Pco2 levels typically remain during exercise?
Remain relatively the same
Which process increases during hyperventilation, aiding in the increased return of blood and lymph?
Venous return
What is the primary difference between hyperpnea and hyperventilation during increased breathing?
Breathing depth only increases in hyperpnea
What occurs to venous return of blood and lymph during hypoventilation?
Decreases
What does hyperpnea differ from hyperventilation in terms of body's demands?
Meeting the body's demands
Test your knowledge on the effects of respiratory alkalosis and vasoconstriction on blood vessels, especially in the brain. Learn about how changes in Po2 and Pco2 levels in the alveoli can lead to hypocapnia and its consequences.
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