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Questions and Answers
What is respiration?
The extraction of energy from food.
Which of the following is NOT a type of respiration?
Normal respiration is characterized by a rate of 24/min in adults.
False
What is the terminal bronchioles a part of?
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What is eupnoea?
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Which muscles are involved in normal respiratory inspiration?
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During normal expiration, it is primarily ________.
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What causes dyspnoea?
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What is hyperpnoea?
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What is the main function of the conducting part of the respiratory system?
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Study Notes
Respiration
- The process of extracting energy from food.
- Divided into three types:
- External Respiration: Gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary blood.
- Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and tissues.
- Cellular Respiration: Extraction of energy from food within mitochondria, the core purpose of respiration.
Normal Respiration (Eupnoea)
- Silent and involuntary.
- Shoulders should not move during breathing.
- Rate:
- Adults: 16 breaths per minute.
- Newborns: 24 breaths per minute.
- Consists of three phases:
- Inspiration (inhalation).
- Expiration (exhalation), slightly longer than inspiration.
- Expiratory pause.
- During rapid or hyperventilation, only two phases occur:
- Inspiration.
- Expiration, followed immediately by the next inspiration without an expiratory pause.
Respiratory Passages
- Pathway: nose, nasopharynx, larynx, bronchus, bronchial tree (23 generations).
- Divided into two main parts:
-
Conducting Part: Non-respiratory, also known as "dead space," includes the upper respiratory passage and the first 16 generations of the bronchial tree.
- Functions:
- Air conduction.
- Air filtering.
- Air conditioning.
- Protection through sneezing and coughing.
- Vocalization.
- H2O regulation through evaporation.
- Heat regulation (in animals lacking sweat glands).
- Functions:
-
Non-Conducting Part (Respiratory Part): Lower respiratory passage with thin walls allowing gas exchange. Includes:
- Last 7 generations of the respiratory passage (terminal bronchioles).
- Alveoli.
- Functions:
- Gas exchange.
- Blood pH regulation.
- Buffering mechanisms.
- Respiration stimulation and regulation.
-
Conducting Part: Non-respiratory, also known as "dead space," includes the upper respiratory passage and the first 16 generations of the bronchial tree.
Important Definitions
- Eupnoea: Normal respiration.
- Hyperpnoea: Hyperventilation.
-
Apnoea: Cessation of respiration.
- Temporary: During deglutition, vomiting, coughing, labor, straining, and sneezing.
- Permanent: In death.
-
Dyspnoea: Difficulty in breathing. Types:
- Orthopnoea: Difficulty breathing in a recumbent position (lying down).
- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnoea: Difficulty breathing in a recumbent position only at night.
- Dyspnoea on Exertion: Difficulty breathing during physical activity.
- Dyspnoea at Rest: Difficulty breathing even when at rest.
- Note: Orthopnoea, dyspnoea on exertion, and dyspnoea at rest are commonly associated with heart failure.
Degrees of Dyspnoea
-
Severity:
- Dyspnoea on exertion: Severe, moderate, and mild.
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea.
- Orthopnoea.
- Dyspnoea at rest.
Respiratory Muscles
-
Inspiration:
-
Normal Respiration:
- Diaphragm: Increases the volume of the thoracic cage vertically, contributing to 2/3 of the increased volume.
- External intercostal muscles: Increase the volume of the thoracic cage transversely, contributing to 1/3 of the increased volume.
-
Deep Respiration:
- Muscles of normal inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles).
-
Accessory muscles:
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- Serratus anterior muscle.
- Scalene muscle.
-
Normal Respiration:
-
Expiration:
- Normal Respiration: Passive, no muscle activity.
-
Deep Respiration: Active, including:
- Internal intercostal muscles.
- Abdominal muscles.
Respiratory Pressures
-
Intrapleural Pressure (intrathoracic pressure): The most important pressure within the pleural cavity.
-
Values:
- Beginning of inspiration: -4 mmHg.
- End of inspiration: -6 mmHg (may reach -80 mmHg during deep inspiration).
- Beginning of expiration: -6 mmHg (may reach -80 mmHg after deep inspiration).
- End of expiration: -4 mmHg.
- Note: Intrapleural pressure is always NEGATIVE.
-
Values:
- Intra-alveolar Pressure (intra-pulmonary pressure): Pressure within the alveoli.
- Intra-abdominal Pressure: Pressure within the abdominal cavity.
- Transmural Pressure: Difference between intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the process of respiration, including its types such as external, internal, and cellular respiration. Learn about normal respiration rates and the phases of breathing, as well as the pathways of the respiratory system.
