Respiration Chapter Overview

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Questions and Answers

What defines internal respiration in the human body?

CO2 diffuses from alveoli into blood

Uptake of O2 and excretion of CO2

O2 diffuses from blood to cells (correct)

O2 is exhaled through the lungs

Which type of breathing is typically more common in males?

Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing (correct)

Chest breathing

Accessory muscle breathing

Thoracic breathing

What is the normal respiratory rate for adults at rest?

20-30 breaths per minute

10-15 breaths per minute

12-20 breaths per minute (correct)

18-24 breaths per minute

How does exercise affect the respiratory rate?

It increases the respiratory rate and depth Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by an absence of breathing?

Apnoea Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication of shallow breathing?

Hypoventilation Signup and view all the answers

How is respiratory effort best described?

The amount of work required to breathe Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can decrease the respiration rate?

Age Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a patient might be experiencing Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

Tidal volume starting shallow and alternating with periods of apnoea Signup and view all the answers

What type of respiratory pattern is often seen in patients with central nervous system disorders?

Biot's respiration Signup and view all the answers

Kussmaul breathing is primarily associated with which medical condition?

Kidney failure or metabolic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication of dyspnoea?

Excessive chest and neck muscle use for breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence body temperature?

Current humidity levels Signup and view all the answers

When is the lowest body temperature typically observed?

In the early morning Signup and view all the answers

What does shallow breathing typically indicate?

Pain or respiratory distress Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process helps maintain body temperature balance?

Thermoregulation mechanisms involving the nervous and endocrine systems Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly increases body temperature due to its effect on metabolism?

Physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for body temperature in degrees Celsius?

36°C - 37.9°C Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a patient's body temperature most likely decrease?

Major bleeding shock Signup and view all the answers

Why is rectal temperature considered the most accurate measurement?

It provides a seal that minimizes air exposure. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the phases of body temperature is true?

The fall phase can occur rapidly or gradually. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with glass/plastic mercury thermometers?

Bizarre mercury hazards Signup and view all the answers

Which thermometer type is known to provide a non-invasive measurement?

Digital temporary artery thermometer Signup and view all the answers

What bodily change is associated with an increase in progesterone levels during ovulation?

Slight rise in body temperature Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiration

External Respiration: Uptake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2). O2 diffuses from air into lungs, and passes through blood. O2 diffuses from blood into alveoli for exhalation.
Internal Respiration: O2 diffuses from blood to cells. CO2 diffuses from cells through peripheral capillaries to the blood for exhalation.
Breathing: Involuntary process controlled by the brain stem. Involves inhalation (air entering lungs) and exhalation (air leaving lungs).
Types of Breathing: Thoracic breathing (common in females), and diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing (common in males).
Factors Affecting Breathing: Age (decreases respiration rate), exercise (increases respiration rate and depth), acute pain (alters rate and rhythm), stress (increases rate), environment (e.g., high altitude increases rate), lifestyle (e.g., smoking, sedentary lifestyle increase rate).
Respiration Assessment:
- Respiratory Rate/Frequency: Number of breaths per minute.
 - Eupnea (normal): 12-20 breaths/minute at rest.
 - Bradypnea: <12 breaths/minute.
 - Tachypnea: > 20 breaths/minute.
 - Apnea: Absence of breathing (temporary or prolonged)
- Respiratory Rate by age group:
 - Infants: 35-40 breaths/minute
 - Toddlers: 30-35 breaths/minute
 - Preschool: 20-25 breaths/minute
 - School-aged: 15-20 breaths/minute
 - Adults: 12-20 breaths/minute
- Respiratory Depth: Measured by chest/abdominal movement. Normal, deep (hyperventilation), or shallow (hypoventilation).
 - Normal depth: tidal volume of 500mL air.
 - Deep or Hyperventilation: full lung expansion during inhalation and exhalation with larger tidal volume.
 - Shallow or Hypoventilation: small quantity of air passing through lungs.
 - Rapid breathing can be shallow and lead to hypoventilation.
Abnormal Respiration Patterns:
- Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: Tidal volume starts shallow, becomes deeper, then shallow again, sometimes with periods of apnea (absence of breathing). Can indicate severe heart failure.
- Biot's Respiration: Irregular breathing with varying tidal volume and random periods of apnea. Can indicate central nervous system disorders.
- Kussmaul Respiration: Abnormally deep, rapid, and labored breathing. Signifies metabolic disorders or diabetic coma.
Dyspnea
Sensation of shortness of breath; using neck muscles to assist breathing. Indicates heart/lung diseases, spasmodic dyspnea (asthma). Shortness of breath.
Shallow: Reduced chest movement; can indicate pain, lung inflammation, drug overdose, or anesthesia.
Atypical: Body's attempt to recover or gasp when, e.g., a patient is dying.
Respiration Measurement: Observing chest/abdominal movement, palpating chest, listening to breath sounds, and electronic monitoring of respiration.

Body Temperature

Body Temperature: Result of heat produced and lost from the body. Maintained through thermoregulation mechanisms (nervous and endocrine systems), primarily through the hypothalamus.
Factors Affecting Body Temperature:
- Age: Infants and children have immature thermoregulation, while the elderly have decreased systems, increasing risk of hypothermia.
- Daytime: Low body temperature in morning (4-6 AM), increasing to highest during the evening (4-6 PM) but fluctuating up to 2°C through the day.
- Physical Activity: Increases heat production, influencing body temp.
- Hormones: Progesterone slightly raises body temperature during ovulation, while thyroid and adrenal hormones increase metabolic rate and temperature.
- Environment: Exposure to heat/cold directly affects temperature.
- Pathology: Inflammation, and tumors increase temperature; major blood loss decreases temperature.
Body Temperature Assessment:
- Normal: 36°C - 36.9°C (afebrile)
- Hypothermia: < 36°C
- Subnormal: 37°C - 37.9°C
- Mild Fever (pyrexia): 38°C - 38.8°C
- Increased Fever (central fever): 38.9°C - 39.9°C
- High Fever (hyperpyrexia): > 40°C
Phases of Body Temperature: Fever (rapid-onset, high, then gradual decrease) ; Duration (temp remains elevated) ; Resolution (rapid/gradual decrease).

Types of Thermometers

Digital Electronic Thermometers: Most common today, accurate, display temperature on an LED screen, and have batteries.
Digital Tympanic Thermometers: Digital, contact/non-contact forehead thermometers.
Digital Temporal Artery Thermometers: Digital temperature-measuring device.
Chemical/Forehead Thermometers: Forehead thermometers.
Glass/Mercury Thermometers: No longer used due to mercury's environmental hazards.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of respiration, including external and internal respiration processes, and the control mechanisms of breathing. It also highlights the different types of breathing and various factors that can affect respiratory rates. Test your knowledge on how these concepts interrelate within the human body.