Respiration Quiz - Anatomy and Phases
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate diameter range of an individual alveolus?

  • 0.02 to 0.05 mm
  • 20 to 50 mm
  • 0.2 to 0.5 mm (correct)
  • 2 to 5 mm

What is the primary function of Type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes) in the alveoli?

  • Regulating fluid balance within the alveolus
  • Secreting surfactant to reduce surface tension
  • Defending against pathogens and foreign particles
  • Facilitating gas exchange between the alveolus and blood (correct)

Which of the following is a key function of Type II alveolar cells (granular pneumocytes)?

  • Phagocytizing foreign particles
  • Secreting alveolar fluid and surfactant (correct)
  • Detecting and responding to olfactory stimuli
  • Forming the structural support of the alveoli

What purpose do hairs in the nasal cavity serve?

<p>Filtering out dust particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides gas exchange, which of the following is a non-respiratory function of the respiratory system?

<p>Maintenance of acid-base balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural characteristic of the respiratory membrane facilitates efficient gas exchange?

<p>Large surface area and thin thickness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immune cells is primarily responsible for engulfing and removing dust particles and pathogens within the lungs?

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to gas exchange and immunological defense, what role does the respiratory system play in maintaining?

<p>Water balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological role is associated with hormones synthesized by lung tissues?

<p>Blood pressure regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Irritation of the respiratory tract can trigger which protective reflex?

<p>The cough reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the cough reflex, what is the approximate intrapulmonary pressure reached before the glottis opens?

<p>100 mm Hg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerve is NOT involved in the efferent pathway of the sneezing reflex?

<p>Hypoglossal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological event is characteristic of the swallowing reflex as a protective mechanism?

<p>Momentary cessation of respiration (apnea) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the swallowing reflex prevents food from entering the airway?

<p>Temporary cessation of respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations does NOT contain cough receptors?

<p>Esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sneezing reflex is initiated by irritation of what?

<p>The nasal mucous membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the nasal mucosa to become irritated and trigger the sneezing reflex?

<p>Dust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which reflex does the glottis remain open?

<p>Sneezing Reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of macrophages within the alveoli?

<p>Secreting heparin to prevent intravascular clotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of natural killer (NK) cells in the lungs?

<p>Providing the first line of defense against viruses and viral-infected cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the lungs regulate acid-base balance?

<p>By regulating carbon dioxide levels in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) secreted by endothelial cells in pulmonary capillaries?

<p>To convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT synthesized by lung tissues?

<p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of respiratory protective reflexes like coughing and sneezing?

<p>To protect the lungs and air passages from foreign particles and irritants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the cough reflex, which part of the nervous system contains the center for controlling this reflex?

<p>Medulla oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve does NOT carry the afferent signal for the cough reflex?

<p>Olfactory nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve carries the afferent signal for the sneezing reflex?

<p>Trigeminal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange primarily occur in a fetus before birth?

<p>Placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical respiration rate for an adult, measured in breaths per minute?

<p>12-16 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides irritation of the nasal mucous membrane, which factor can cause the sneezing reflex?

<p>Mechanical blockage of nasal passages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes external respiration?

<p>Gas exchange between lungs and blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intrapleural fluid found in the pleural cavity?

<p>To act as a lubricant and contribute to negative pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many tertiary bronchi are typically found in the left lung?

<p>8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure marks the beginning of the lower respiratory tract?

<p>Trachea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the respiratory unit begin?

<p>Respiratory bronchiole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the pleura is directly attached to the lung tissue?

<p>Visceral layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate diameter of a terminal bronchiole?

<p>1 mm or less (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the visceral pleura?

<p>Attached to the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiration

The process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

External respiration

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.

Internal respiration

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues.

Inspiration

The process of air entering the lungs from the atmosphere.

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Expiration

The process of air leaving the lungs.

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Pleura

A double-layered serous membrane that encloses each lung.

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Visceral pleura

The inner layer of the pleura attached to the lungs.

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Parietal pleura

The outer layer of the pleura lining the thoracic cavity.

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Pleural cavity

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura containing fluid.

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Tracheobronchial tree

The airway made up of the trachea and bronchi.

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Alveolar sac

A cluster of alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct, forming the final site of gas exchange.

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Respiratory unit

The functional unit of the respiratory system, responsible for gas exchange.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood.

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Type I alveolar cells

Flat, thin cells that make up the majority of the alveolar wall, facilitating gas exchange.

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Type II alveolar cells

Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant and alveolar fluid, helping to maintain lung function.

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Respiratory membrane

The thin barrier between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries, allowing for efficient gas exchange.

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Olfaction

The process by which the nose detects and interprets odors.

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Vocalization

The production of sound using the larynx.

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Cough Reflex

A forceful expulsion of air from the lungs triggered by irritation of the respiratory tract, aimed at clearing irritants.

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Sneezing Reflex

A respiratory reflex triggered by nasal mucosa irritation, involving deep inspiration followed by forceful expiration through an open glottis to expel irritants.

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Swallowing (Deglutition) Reflex

A protective reflex that momentarily suspends respiration during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway.

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Pulmonary Artery

The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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Bronchial Artery

A smaller artery providing oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs, supplying them with nutrients.

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Physiological Shunt

A condition where deoxygenated blood bypasses the lungs without undergoing gas exchange, leading to an imbalance in blood oxygen levels.

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Pulmonary Blood Flow

The flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation, carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Pulmonary Blood Pressure

The pressure within the pulmonary arteries, reflecting the force needed to pump blood through the lungs.

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Respiratory Physiology

The study of the structure and function of the respiratory system.

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Lung Hormones

The specialized tissues of the lungs that produce hormones, including prostaglandins, acetylcholine, and serotonin.

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What are macrophages?

These cells engulf dust particles and pathogens in the alveoli, acting as scavengers in the lungs.

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What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

Macrophages digest antigens into small pieces called polypeptides and present them to T and B lymphocytes, initiating an immune response.

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How do mast cells contribute to allergic reactions?

Mast cells contain granules that release chemicals like histamine and heparin, causing allergy symptoms and inflammation.

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What are NK cells?

These large granular cells kill infected or abnormal cells by releasing enzymes and chemicals.

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How do lungs regulate blood pH?

The lungs regulate blood pH by removing carbon dioxide, which forms carbonic acid.

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How do the lungs contribute to blood clotting?

Heparin, secreted by mast cells in the lungs, prevents blood clotting in the blood vessels.

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What is the role of ACE in the lungs?

The enzyme ACE is produced in the lung capillaries and helps regulate blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

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Describe the cough reflex.

The cough reflex is triggered by irritation in the respiratory tract and involves deep inspiration followed by forceful expiration.

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Describe the sneeze reflex.

The sneeze reflex involves deep inspiration followed by a forceful expulsion of air through the nose and mouth, triggered by irritation of the nasal passages.

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What is the purpose of respiratory protective reflexes?

Respiratory protective reflexes help protect the respiratory tract from harmful particles by triggering coughing or sneezing.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
  • Fetal lungs are non-functional until birth
  • Gas exchange occurs between the mother and the fetus via the placenta
  • Normal respiration rate varies by age
    • Newborn: 30 to 60/minute
    • Early childhood: 20 to 40/minute
    • Late childhood: 15 to 25/minute
    • Adult: 12 to 16/minute

Types of Respiration

  • Respiration is classified into two types:
    • External respiration: involves exchange of respiratory gases between lungs and blood
    • Internal respiration: involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues

Phases of Respiration

  • Respiration occurs in two phases:
    • Inspiration: air enters the lungs from the atmosphere
    • Expiration: air leaves the lungs

Functional Anatomy of Respiratory Tract

  • The respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
  • These structures conduct air to and from the lungs for gas exchange

Pleura

  • The lungs are enclosed by a double-layered serous membrane called pleura (visceral and parietal layers)
  • The visceral layer is attached to the surface of the lungs
  • The parietal layer is attached to the thoracic wall
  • The intrapleural space (or pleural cavity) is the narrow space between the two layers of pleura

Intrapleural Fluid

  • The intrapleural space contains a thin film of serous fluid called intrapleural fluid
  • This fluid is secreted by the visceral layer of the pleura

Tracheobronchial Tree

  • The trachea bifurcates into two primary bronchi (right and left)
  • Each primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi further divide into tertiary bronchi, and so on
  • The bronchioles are smaller tubes in the lungs

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts

  • The respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
    • Upper respiratory tract: includes the nasal cavity, nasal conchae, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx
    • Lower respiratory tract: includes the trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Respiratory Unit

  • The parenchyma of the lungs is formed by respiratory units
  • Each unit is a structural unit of the respiratory tract
  • Gas exchange occurs only in this portion of the lungs

Structure of Respiratory Unit

  • The respiratory unit starts from the respiratory bronchiole
  • Each respiratory bronchiole divides into alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs, the main sites of gas exchange

Pulmonary Circulation

  • Pulmonary blood vessels include pulmonary artery and bronchial artery
  • Pulmonary shunt: abnormal pathway where blood bypasses the alveoli
  • Characteristic features: pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary blood pressure, and pulmonary blood flow

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Description

Test your knowledge on the process of respiration, including the functional anatomy of the respiratory tract and the phases of breath. Understand how gas exchange occurs and the normal respiration rates for different age groups. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their learning on this critical topic.

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