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What percentage of energy in glucose is released during lactic acid and alcohol fermentation?
What percentage of energy in glucose is released during lactic acid and alcohol fermentation?
Which of the following describes the byproducts of fermentation processes?
Which of the following describes the byproducts of fermentation processes?
What happens to yeasts when alcohol concentration reaches about 13%?
What happens to yeasts when alcohol concentration reaches about 13%?
What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration compared to fermentation?
What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration compared to fermentation?
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In which part of the cell does aerobic respiration primarily occur?
In which part of the cell does aerobic respiration primarily occur?
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Which molecule is transported into the mitochondria for aerobic respiration following glycolysis?
Which molecule is transported into the mitochondria for aerobic respiration following glycolysis?
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What is a key event that occurs during aerobic respiration?
What is a key event that occurs during aerobic respiration?
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What is the final molecular acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration?
What is the final molecular acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration?
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What product is formed from the oxidation of PGAL in glycolysis?
What product is formed from the oxidation of PGAL in glycolysis?
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Which process is characterized by the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol?
Which process is characterized by the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol?
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What is the primary product of glycolysis?
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in animal cells?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in animal cells?
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During fermentation, what is the fate of NADH in the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol?
During fermentation, what is the fate of NADH in the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol?
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Under which condition does fermentation occur?
Under which condition does fermentation occur?
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What is produced by the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration?
What is produced by the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration?
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What enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvic acid to CO2 and ethanol in yeast?
What enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvic acid to CO2 and ethanol in yeast?
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What is the primary function of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary function of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?
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Which complex in the electron transport chain directly involves cytochrome c?
Which complex in the electron transport chain directly involves cytochrome c?
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What type of protein is cytochrome c classified as, based on its role in the mitochondria?
What type of protein is cytochrome c classified as, based on its role in the mitochondria?
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What is the outcome of the oxidation of one molecule of NADH in terms of ATP production?
What is the outcome of the oxidation of one molecule of NADH in terms of ATP production?
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Which complexes are involved in the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen?
Which complexes are involved in the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen?
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How many ATP molecules are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of FADH2?
How many ATP molecules are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of FADH2?
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What components are present in the cytochrome c oxidase complex (Complex IV)?
What components are present in the cytochrome c oxidase complex (Complex IV)?
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Which complex is directly responsible for ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate?
Which complex is directly responsible for ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate?
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What is the primary role of oxygen in the aerobic process of respiration?
What is the primary role of oxygen in the aerobic process of respiration?
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What mechanism is used for ATP synthesis during aerobic respiration?
What mechanism is used for ATP synthesis during aerobic respiration?
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What components make up the ATP synthase complex involved in ATP production?
What components make up the ATP synthase complex involved in ATP production?
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How many protons need to pass through F0 to produce one molecule of ATP?
How many protons need to pass through F0 to produce one molecule of ATP?
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What is the function of the F0 component of ATP synthase?
What is the function of the F0 component of ATP synthase?
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What energy source is used for the production of the proton gradient in respiration?
What energy source is used for the production of the proton gradient in respiration?
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Why is it stated that calculating net ATP gain for glucose oxidation is a theoretical exercise?
Why is it stated that calculating net ATP gain for glucose oxidation is a theoretical exercise?
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What part of the mitochondria is primarily associated with ATP synthesis?
What part of the mitochondria is primarily associated with ATP synthesis?
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What is the primary reason for considering the respiratory pathway as an amphibolic pathway?
What is the primary reason for considering the respiratory pathway as an amphibolic pathway?
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How does glycerol enter the respiratory pathway?
How does glycerol enter the respiratory pathway?
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What does the respiratory quotient (RQ) quantify?
What does the respiratory quotient (RQ) quantify?
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In which form do proteins contribute to the respiratory pathway after deamination?
In which form do proteins contribute to the respiratory pathway after deamination?
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What role does acetyl CoA play in the context of fatty acid metabolism?
What role does acetyl CoA play in the context of fatty acid metabolism?
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Why has the traditional view of the respiratory process being purely catabolic been challenged?
Why has the traditional view of the respiratory process being purely catabolic been challenged?
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What does a higher respiratory quotient value indicate about the respiratory substrate used?
What does a higher respiratory quotient value indicate about the respiratory substrate used?
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What distinguishes catabolic processes from anabolic processes in respiration?
What distinguishes catabolic processes from anabolic processes in respiration?
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What is the primary substrate for respiration in living organisms?
What is the primary substrate for respiration in living organisms?
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During aerobic respiration, what is the overall net gain of ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose?
During aerobic respiration, what is the overall net gain of ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose?
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Which statement about fermentation and aerobic respiration is most accurate?
Which statement about fermentation and aerobic respiration is most accurate?
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What happens to NADH during fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
What happens to NADH during fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
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Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the respiratory pathways?
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the respiratory pathways?
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Before fats can be respired, what is required?
Before fats can be respired, what is required?
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Which statement best describes the nature of biochemical pathways in living systems?
Which statement best describes the nature of biochemical pathways in living systems?
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What is a major difference between fermentation and aerobic respiration?
What is a major difference between fermentation and aerobic respiration?
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Study Notes
Respiration in Plants
- Plants, like all living organisms, require energy for life processes
- Breathing is essential for all life forms, including plants and microbes, and is necessary for releasing energy from food
- All living organisms use food for energy; the food is oxidized to release energy
- Green plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, storing energy in carbohydrates like glucose, sucrose, and starch
- Non-green parts of plants need food for energy and this food is transported from photosynthetic regions
- Animals obtain food from plants (directly or indirectly)
- Respiration involves the breaking down of complex molecules to release energy, usually from carbohydrates, proteins, or fats
- The energy released is stored in the form of ATP, the energy currency of the cell
- Plants have systems for gas exchange, like stomata and lenticels, to manage oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange
Do Plants Breathe?
- Plants require oxygen for respiration and release carbon dioxide, similar to animals
- Plant parts (leaves, stems, and roots) manage gas exchange independently, not requiring large transport systems
- Leaves are well-adapted for gas exchange due to their large surface areas
- Woody or root cells have layers, including stomata and lenticels, to aid gas exchange
- Photosynthesis in plants may require more oxygen than respiration, but excess oxygen is released
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, a crucial step in respiration for all organisms
- It is the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the cell, not requiring oxygen
- Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate, which becomes fructose-6-phosphate after isomerization
- Two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- After a series of reactions, two molecules of pyruvic acid are formed (from one glucose molecule)
- Two NADH molecules are produced when oxidizing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
- Some ATP is generated, with a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule
Fermentation
- Fermentation is an anaerobic process where pyruvic acid is broken down to release energy, without using oxygen
- There are two main types: alcoholic and lactic acid fermentaion
- Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (e.g., in yeast)
- Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (e.g., in muscles during exertion)
Aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to completely break down glucose (or other molecules) for more energy
- It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
- Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria, transforming into acetyl-CoA, initiating the citric acid cycle
- The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) releases more energy and produces NADH and FADH2
- The electron transport chain uses the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP
- The ultimate electron acceptor in this chain is oxygen, forming water
- Aerobic respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule than fermentation (about 36-38 ATP)
Respiratory Balance Sheet
- The breakdown of one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration yields about 36-38 ATP molecules
- Calculations for the amount of ATP generated are theoretical because respiration occurs simultaneously with other pathways in a complex manner, involving multiple substrates
- Respiratory pathways are important for other reactions in the cell; in terms of other pathways it is amphibolic
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
- RQ is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide released to the volume of oxygen consumed
- RQ values differ based on the type of respiratory substrate (e.g., carbohydrates, fats, proteins)
- RQ of 1 indicates complete oxidation of carbohydrates; less than 1 suggests fat oxidation
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Description
Explore the vital processes of respiration in plants and how they obtain and utilize energy. Understand the roles of photosynthesis and gas exchange in plant life. This quiz covers how plants breathe, the importance of ATP, and how energy is stored and used.
