Respiration in Plants

The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP in the presence of oxygen.

The breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen, producing only a small amount of ATP.

A molecule that carries electrons and plays a crucial role in energy transfer in both glycolysis and aerobic respiration.

The process of converting organic molecules into glucose.

The pathway of reactions that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.

The metabolic pathway that breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide, generating ATP and NADH.

The process of using the energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.

A series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and generate ATP.

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

A metabolic pathway involved in both catabolism and anabolism, meaning it can break down and build up molecules.

The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) released to the volume of oxygen (O2) consumed during respiration. It indicates the type of substrate being used.

The breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl CoA.

The process where amino acids lose their amino groups, converting them into intermediates that can enter the Krebs cycle.

The process where substrates like glycerol, amino acids, and fatty acids enter the respiratory pathway at different points, depending on their chemical structure.

A three-carbon molecule produced by glycolysis, where pyruvate is further metabolized under different conditions.

An anaerobic process where pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, regenerating NAD+.

An anaerobic process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. This is a common process in yeast.

The citric acid cycle, a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondria, breaking down pyruvate further and generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

A high-energy molecule that acts as the main energy currency in cells.

The final stage of aerobic respiration where oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.

A complex protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitates the passage of protons down their electrochemical gradient.

A part of ATP synthase that creates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

A part of ATP synthase that forms a channel through which protons travel across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The difference in proton concentration and electrical potential between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix.

The process of using light energy to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

A theoretical estimate of the net gain of ATP molecules produced during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule.

Ubiquinone is a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It receives reducing equivalents from both NADH (complex I) and FADH2 (complex II).

The reduced form of ubiquinone, carrying electrons, is called ubiquinol.

Complex III, also known as cytochrome b c 1 complex, is a protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c in the electron transport chain.

A small protein that carries electrons from complex III to complex IV in the electron transport chain, located on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase complex, contains cytochromes a and a3, and two copper centers. It receives electrons from cytochrome c and uses them to reduce oxygen to water.

A protein complex responsible for ATP production in mitochondria, utilizing energy from the electron transport chain.

The number of ATP molecules produced from oxidizing one molecule of a fuel (NADH or FADH2) depends on its initial energy level. NADH provides more energy than FADH2, resulting in the production of 3 ATPs versus 2 ATPs.

A chain of protein complexes in mitochondria that uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient, ultimately producing a large amount of ATP.

The highest concentration of alcohol that yeast can tolerate during fermentation before they die.

A process used to increase the alcohol concentration in beverages beyond what can be achieved by natural fermentation, typically through distillation or adding more alcohol.