Respiration in Plants
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason all living organisms need energy?

  • For photosynthesis only
  • For breathing exclusively
  • For growth and reproduction only
  • For carrying out daily life activities (correct)

    • Which organisms are capable of preparing their own food through photosynthesis?

  • All plants and animals
  • All microorganisms
  • Only non-green plants
  • Only green plants and cyanobacteria (correct)

    • Where are chloroplasts primarily located in green plants?

  • Throughout all plant tissues evenly
  • In the roots
  • In the flowers only
  • In the superficial layers of leaves (correct)

    • What is required for non-green parts of green plants during respiration?

    <p>Food for oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to food in living organisms?

    <p>It is oxidized to release energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in green plants perform photosynthesis?

    <p>Cells containing chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis?

    <p>Light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reduces ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

    <p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex is responsible for the transfer of electrons from reduced ubiquinone to cytochrome c?

    <p>Complex III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecules are oxidized to provide energy for life functions?

    <p>Certain carbohydrates and other macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of NADH?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cytochrome c play in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It acts as a mobile carrier for electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex is known as cytochrome c oxidase complex?

    <p>Complex IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of electron donors mentioned in the ATP synthesis process?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which complex is ATP synthase involved in ATP production?

    <p>Complex V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the oxidation of one molecule of FADH2?

    <p>2 molecules of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of oxygen in the aerobic respiration process?

    <p>To act as the final hydrogen acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the process of ATP synthesis in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major components of ATP synthase?

    <p>F0 and F1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protons (H+) pass through the F0 complex for each ATP produced?

    <p>4 H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the process of respiration according to the content?

    <p>Oxidation-reduction energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theoretical aspect regarding the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule?

    <p>It remains a theoretical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the F1 headpiece in ATP synthase?

    <p>To catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes photophosphorylation from oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>The source of energy used to create a proton gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?

    <p>38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is NADH synthesized in glycolysis processed in aerobic respiration?

    <p>It is transferred into the mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation provides a net gain of only 2 ATP per glucose molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption about metabolic pathways is not valid in a living system?

    <p>There is a sequential, orderly pathway functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for fats to enter the respiratory pathway?

    <p>Fats must be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding energy extraction is true?

    <p>Enzymatic rates are regulated by various factors in a living system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substrate for respiration in living organisms?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of metabolism, what is an amphoteric reaction?

    <p>Reaction that allows substrates to be generated and used simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does aerobic respiration primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic process involves the breakdown of substrates for energy?

    <p>Catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the pathway that participates in both catabolism and anabolism?

    <p>Amphibolic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Acts as the ultimate acceptor of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substrate enters the respiratory pathway after being converted to PGAL?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is the most common respiratory substrate?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is described as occurring under anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?

    <p>The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage can amino acids enter the respiratory pathway?

    <p>Only as pyruvate or acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathway is the respiratory pathway classified as?

    <p>Amphibolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the synthesis of fatty acids, where do the needed substrates come from?

    <p>Withdrawn from the respiratory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NADH and FADH2 primarily generated from during the Krebs' cycle?

    <p>Glycolysis and Krebs' cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released as a byproduct when pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the respiratory pathway?

    <p>It plays a role in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the type of substrate affect the respiratory quotient (RQ)?

    <p>Different substrates result in different ratios of CO2 and O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiration in Plants

    • All living organisms need energy for daily activities, including breathing, absorption, transport, movement, reproduction
    • All organisms obtain energy from food, but the process for obtaining it differs
    • Green plants and cyanobacteria make their own food via photosynthesis, storing energy in carbohydrates like glucose, sucrose and starch
    • Other organisms (animals, fungi, etc.) obtain energy from consuming food made by plants (heterotrophs)
    • Breathing helps release energy needed by organisms from the food they consume (or make)
    • In living things, glucose is broken down slowly in a series of steps controlled by enzymes to release energy to be utilised. This is done by oxidation via food molecules
    • The energy isn't released immediately but captured as chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) form, because it can be used readily when needed
    • ATP acts as the cell's energy currency
    • This process has a connection with respiration which is the release of energy from food.
    • Plants have systems for gaseous exchange (stomata and lenticels) to manage oxygen and carbon dioxide intake and release.

    Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid in the cell's cytoplasm.
    • It's present in all living organisms.
    • Glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid
    • Two ATP molecules are directly produced.
    • NAD+ is reduced to NADH during this process
    • The process of glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation is a process that occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic).
    • It's a way for some organisms to release energy from glucose without oxygen.
    • In fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted to either lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.
    • Fermentation yields a smaller amount of energy compared to aerobic respiration.

    Aerobic Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration is the process where glucose is completely oxidized in the presence of oxygen
    • The process involves several steps, primarily occurring in the mitochondria.
    • Pyruvic Acid enters the mitochondria to undergo oxidation
    • The steps lead to the release of considerable energy from food molecules to produce carbon dioxide, water and a large amount of energy.
    • Two major parts:
      • Oxidation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
      • Krebs Cycle
    • The Krebs cycle involves oxidation processes and production of ATP

    Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

    • The TCA cycle is another part of aerobic respiration.
    • Acetyl CoA enters into the TCA cycle
    • The cycle involves a cyclical set of reactions
    • The cycle enables the production of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
    • Each cycle turn produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and releases CO2

    Electron Transport System (ETS)

    • The ETS is a chain of electron carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, using the energy generated during the oxidation.
    • The energy from the electrons is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, creating a gradient
    • The return of these H+ ions through the ATP synthase drives the production of ATP.
    • The ETS needs oxygen at the end to accept the released electrons
    • Overall generation of ATP takes place through this entire aerobic respiration process

    Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

    • RQ is the ratio of volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration.
    • This ratio varies based on the type of respiratory substrate.
    • Glucose yields RQ of 1.0
    • Fats yields RQ less than 1.0. This is because fats contain less oxygen than carbohydrates which need to be oxidised to obtain the same amount of energy.
    • Proteins yield RQ between 0.9 and 0.7.

    Amphibolic Pathway

    • The respiratory pathway is amphibolic, meaning it involves both catabolic and anabolic processes.
    • It's a pathway for both breaking down (catabolism) and building up (anabolism) molecules, depending on the organism's needs at any given time.
    • For example, fatty acids enter the pathway as a source of energy but are also used for synthesis processes
    • Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport system all play a part

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    Chapter 12 Respiration in Plants PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the processes of respiration and energy conversion in plants, including photosynthesis and the roles of ATP. Understand how plants and other organisms obtain and utilize energy from food. Test your knowledge on the biochemical processes that sustain life.

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