Respiration in Plants

The process by which living organisms break down food molecules to release energy.

The process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate, releasing a small amount of energy.

A metabolic process that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen. It converts pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol, releasing a small amount of energy.

The process of breaking down glucose completely in the presence of oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy.

The process by which green plants and cyanobacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

The movement of food (such as sugars) from where it is made (leaves) to other parts of the plant that need it.

The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen consumed during respiration.

A metabolic pathway that involves both anabolic (building up) and catabolic (breaking down) reactions.

The final stage of aerobic respiration where electrons are passed down a chain of molecules, releasing energy used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Oxygen's role in the electron transport chain. It's the final acceptor of electrons, allowing the process to continue by removing hydrogen ions.

The process of using the energy of oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transport) to create ATP.

A theory explaining how ATP is produced in mitochondria by the movement of protons across the inner membrane.

A protein complex in the mitochondrial membrane that uses the energy released during electron transport to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

The part of ATP synthase that is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and forms a channel for protons to pass through.

The part of ATP synthase that protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix and contains the active site for ATP synthesis.

Ubiquinone, also known as Coenzyme Q, is a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It accepts electrons from both NADH and FADH2, acting as a crucial link in the process.

FADH2 (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) is a molecule produced during the oxidation of succinate in the citric acid cycle. It delivers electrons to ubiquinone, contributing to the electron transport chain.

Reduced ubiquinone, also known as ubiquinol, is the form of ubiquinone that has accepted electrons. It carries these electrons to the next complex in the electron transport chain.

The cytochrome b c1 complex (complex III) is a protein complex in the electron transport chain responsible for transferring electrons from reduced ubiquinone to cytochrome c.

Cytochrome c is a small protein that acts as a mobile carrier for electrons between complex III and IV in the electron transport chain.

Cytochrome c oxidase complex (Complex IV) is the final protein complex in the electron transport chain. It receives electrons from cytochrome c and uses them to reduce oxygen to water.

ATP synthase (Complex V) is a protein complex that uses the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

The efficiency of ATP production varies depending on the source of electrons. NADH generates 3 ATP molecules per oxidation, while FADH2 generates 2 ATP molecules.

The net gain of ATP molecules produced during aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule.

The series of metabolic reactions that occur in the mitochondria, involving the oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and the generation of ATP.

A metabolic pathway involved in the generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons and protons in the mitochondrial membrane.

The conversion of carbohydrates, such as starch or glycogen, into glucose before they are used in cellular respiration.

The breakdown of molecules within a living organism, releasing energy.

The synthesis (building up) of molecules within a living organism, requiring energy.

The respiratory pathway is involved in both the breakdown and synthesis of molecules, making it a crucial link between catabolism and anabolism.

The breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl CoA, which then enters the respiratory pathway.

The process by which proteins are broken down into amino acids, which then enter the respiratory pathway.