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What molecule is synthesized during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?
What molecule is synthesized during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?
How much energy from glucose is released during lactic acid and alcohol fermentation?
How much energy from glucose is released during lactic acid and alcohol fermentation?
In the citric acid cycle, what does GTP convert to during the coupling reaction?
In the citric acid cycle, what does GTP convert to during the coupling reaction?
How many points in the citric acid cycle reduce NAD+ to NADH?
How many points in the citric acid cycle reduce NAD+ to NADH?
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What occurs when yeast reaches a concentration of about 13% alcohol?
What occurs when yeast reaches a concentration of about 13% alcohol?
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What type of respiration allows for the complete oxidation of glucose in eukaryotes?
What type of respiration allows for the complete oxidation of glucose in eukaryotes?
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What must be continually replenished for the continued oxidation of acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?
What must be continually replenished for the continued oxidation of acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?
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During the cycle, which coenzyme is reduced to FADH2?
During the cycle, which coenzyme is reduced to FADH2?
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During aerobic respiration, what is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria?
During aerobic respiration, what is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria?
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What are the byproducts of aerobic respiration?
What are the byproducts of aerobic respiration?
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What is the first member of the citric acid cycle that is essential for its continuation?
What is the first member of the citric acid cycle that is essential for its continuation?
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What process mainly occurs in higher organisms for energy extraction from glucose?
What process mainly occurs in higher organisms for energy extraction from glucose?
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What is synthesized from ADP during the coupling of GTP conversion?
What is synthesized from ADP during the coupling of GTP conversion?
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Which compound needs to be regenerated from NADH for the cycle to continue?
Which compound needs to be regenerated from NADH for the cycle to continue?
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Which step is crucial in aerobic respiration after glycolysis?
Which step is crucial in aerobic respiration after glycolysis?
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What percentage of energy from glucose is effectively trapped as ATP during fermentation?
What percentage of energy from glucose is effectively trapped as ATP during fermentation?
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What is the net gain of ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?
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Which process accounts for the complete degradation of glucose to CO2 and H2O?
Which process accounts for the complete degradation of glucose to CO2 and H2O?
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How does the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ in fermentation compare to that in aerobic respiration?
How does the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ in fermentation compare to that in aerobic respiration?
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What is the primary reason plants do not require specialized organs for gas exchange?
What is the primary reason plants do not require specialized organs for gas exchange?
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Which of the following substrates must be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids before respiration?
Which of the following substrates must be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids before respiration?
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What is a key assumption made in calculating the ATP yield in aerobic respiration?
What is a key assumption made in calculating the ATP yield in aerobic respiration?
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During what process do plants exchange large volumes of gases?
During what process do plants exchange large volumes of gases?
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How do plants manage gas exchange in thick, woody stems?
How do plants manage gas exchange in thick, woody stems?
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Which statement best describes fermentation?
Which statement best describes fermentation?
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What role do parenchyma cells play in gas exchange within plants?
What role do parenchyma cells play in gas exchange within plants?
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Which of the following pathways operates simultaneously in a living system?
Which of the following pathways operates simultaneously in a living system?
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What is the end product of glucose combustion in respiration?
What is the end product of glucose combustion in respiration?
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What is the primary substrate for respiration in living organisms?
What is the primary substrate for respiration in living organisms?
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In the process of respiration, what are the products when oxygen is utilized?
In the process of respiration, what are the products when oxygen is utilized?
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What is the strategy used by plant cells to utilize energy released during respiration?
What is the strategy used by plant cells to utilize energy released during respiration?
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Why do some plant cells not require oxygen for respiration?
Why do some plant cells not require oxygen for respiration?
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What is the final product of glycolysis from glucose?
What is the final product of glycolysis from glucose?
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Which of the following steps utilizes ATP during glycolysis?
Which of the following steps utilizes ATP during glycolysis?
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How many NADH + H+ molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
How many NADH + H+ molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
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At which step of glycolysis is 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate formed?
At which step of glycolysis is 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate formed?
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What happens to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?
What happens to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?
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Which coenzyme is reduced during the conversion of PGAL to 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate?
Which coenzyme is reduced during the conversion of PGAL to 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate?
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How many total steps are there in the glycolytic pathway?
How many total steps are there in the glycolytic pathway?
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What is the source of energy for the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?
What is the source of energy for the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?
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What is the primary function of NADH + H+ and FADH2 in respiration?
What is the primary function of NADH + H+ and FADH2 in respiration?
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Where in the cell does the electron transport system mainly occur?
Where in the cell does the electron transport system mainly occur?
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What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in the electron transport system?
What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in the electron transport system?
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What is produced as a byproduct when electrons are passed to O2 in respiration?
What is produced as a byproduct when electrons are passed to O2 in respiration?
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During the citric acid cycle, how many ATP molecules are synthesized?
During the citric acid cycle, how many ATP molecules are synthesized?
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Which complex in the electron transport system is responsible for oxidizing NADH?
Which complex in the electron transport system is responsible for oxidizing NADH?
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What is the net effect of the complete oxidation of glucose during respiration?
What is the net effect of the complete oxidation of glucose during respiration?
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In which part of respiration are electrons transferred from NADH to ubiquinone?
In which part of respiration are electrons transferred from NADH to ubiquinone?
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Study Notes
Respiration in Plants
- Plants, like all living organisms, need energy for daily activities.
- Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food.
- Plants obtain energy from food through the process of cellular respiration.
- The process of releasing energy from food or 'respiration' involves oxidation.
- Plants have no specialized organs for gaseous exchange, but have stomata and lenticels
- Green plants use photosynthesis to prepare their food.
- Plant food is stored in the form of starch or other carbohydrates, like glucose, sucrose.
- All cells need food to function
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is the initial stage of respiration occurring in the cytoplasm.
- Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid in a series of steps.
- This process produces some ATP, with NAD+ being reduced to NADH.
- Glycolysis happens in the presence or absence of oxygen.
Fermentation
- Fermentation is a process that happens when there is no oxygen.
- Pyruvic acid is further processed to yield ethanol and CO2 in the case of alcoholic fermentation.
- In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid.
- These pathways are incomplete oxidation and therefore less energy is produced than in aerobic respiration.
- Fermentation occurs in some plants and microbial cells.
Aerobic Respiration
- Complete oxidation of glucose, pyruvic acid, or other respiratory substrates in the presence of oxygen produces a lot of energy (ATP).
- The process occurs in the mitochondria’s matrix and on the inner membrane.
- Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes oxidation and decarboxylation, producing Acetyl CoA
- Acetyl CoA enters the Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle) whereby glucose is completely broken down, releasing CO2, water, and ATP.
- The electron transport system (ETS) produces a lot more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
- RQ is the ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed during respiration.
- The RQ value depends on the substrate utilized.
Amphibolic Pathway
- Respiration is an amphibolic pathway because it plays a role in both energy production (catabolism) and synthesis of other molecules (anabolism).
- Many intermediates of the respiratory pathway act as precursors for the biosynthesis of other important molecules.
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Description
Explore the intricate processes of respiration in plants, including glycolysis and fermentation. This quiz covers how plants obtain energy from food, the stages of cellular respiration, and the role of glucose breakdown. Challenge your understanding of plant biology and energy production.
