Respiration in Plants and Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP and NADH.

A six-carbon sugar that serves as the starting molecule in glycolysis.

A three-carbon molecule formed from the splitting of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis.

A molecule that carries electrons and is used in the generation of ATP.

A molecule that stores energy in the form of a chemical bond and is used in many cellular processes.

A process in which a molecule gains electrons, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation state.

The conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, the first step in glycolysis.

The conversion of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, a key step in glycolysis where NADH is produced.

The process through which plants obtain energy from food by breaking it down in the presence of oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct.

Tiny openings on the surface of plant leaves that regulate gas exchange, primarily taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis.

Small pores on the bark of woody plants that allow gas exchange, particularly with the inner tissues.

The process by which glucose is broken down step by step, releasing energy that is stored in ATP molecules.

A molecule that acts as the primary energy currency of cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.

The breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen, producing less energy than aerobic respiration.

A special type of tissue found in plants that stores food, water, and oxygen. It helps facilitate gas exchange by providing air spaces within the plant.

The outermost layer of a woody stem, containing living cells and lenticels for gas exchange.

The process where pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating NADH.

A series of reactions that break down acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Uses the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP

A form of anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid as a byproduct.

A form of anaerobic respiration that produces ethanol and CO2 as byproducts.

The process where glucose is broken down without oxygen, producing either lactic acid or alcohol.

The energy released during fermentation is much less than the energy stored in glucose, with only a small fraction captured as ATP.

Fermentation results in the production of either lactic acid or alcohol, which can be harmful in high concentrations.

The net gain of ATP from fermenting one glucose molecule is only 2 ATP, as 2 ATP are used during glycolysis.

Yeasts cannot tolerate high alcohol concentrations and die when it reaches about 13%.

Naturally fermented beverages cannot exceed an alcohol concentration of about 13% due to the yeast's limit.

To achieve higher alcohol concentrations in beverages, distillation is used to separate and concentrate the ethanol.

The process where pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide, generating energy carriers like NADH and FADH2, and a small amount of ATP.

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, responsible for transferring electrons from energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) to oxygen, ultimately leading to the production of ATP.

The process of generating ATP using the energy released during the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain. This is the main process of ATP production in aerobic respiration.

A molecule produced during the citric acid cycle, carrying high-energy electrons that can be used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain.

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, receiving electrons and combining with hydrogen ions to form water.

A metabolic process that generates ATP from ADP using a high-energy phosphate molecule, which comes from the breakdown of a substrate, not from an electron transport chain.

A metabolic cycle that occurs in the mitochondria of cells, responsible for the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce energy in the form of ATP.

The first molecule in the citric acid cycle, a four-carbon compound needed to initiate the cycle.

The process by which NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+ during the citric acid cycle. This occurs at specific steps where electrons are transferred.

The process by which FAD+ is reduced to FADH2 during metabolism. This happens differently from NAD+ reduction, often involving different enzymatic reactions.

The continual supply of oxaloacetic acid needed to keep the citric acid cycle running.

The process of regenerating NAD+ and FAD+ from their reduced forms, NADH and FADH2, respectively. This is essential for the continued operation of the citric acid cycle.

A molecule produced in the citric acid cycle, which is later used to generate ATP. It is a high-energy molecule akin to ATP but used in specific metabolic reactions.