NCERT - RESPIRATION IN PLANTS - 24-25
405 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the role of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?

  • It synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
  • It acts as a mobile carrier for electron transfer. (correct)
  • It contains copper centers that facilitate oxidation.
  • It reduces ubiquinone to form ubiquinol.

    • What does complex IV in the electron transport chain consist of?

  • Ubiquinone and other electron carriers.
  • NADH and FADH2.
  • Cytochromes a and a3, and two copper centers. (correct)
  • ATP synthase and ADP.

    • How many molecules of ATP are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of NADH?

  • 4
  • 3 (correct)
  • 1
  • 2

    • What is the primary function of complex V in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To couple electron transport with ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the number of ATP molecules synthesized during respiration?

    <p>The nature of the electron donor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limiting factor for the aerobic process of respiration?

    <p>The availability of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytochrome b c1 complex (complex III)?

    <p>To transfer electrons to cytochrome c.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of the electron transport chain?

    <p>Synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main conditions under which fermentation occurs?

    <p>Anaerobic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in converting pyruvic acid to ethanol during alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Pyruvic acid decarboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a byproduct of lactic acid fermentation in animal muscles during exercise?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy from glucose is typically released during fermentation processes?

    <p>Less than 7 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration compared to fermentation?

    <p>It generates a higher yield of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen?

    <p>Krebs' cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do yeasts become inhibited by high concentrations of alcohol during fermentation?

    <p>Alcohol concentration reaches toxic levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reducing agent is reoxidized to NAD+ during the fermentation processes?

    <p>NADH+H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration in cells?

    <p>To break down food materials to release energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the breakdown of complex molecules primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>In the cytoplasm and mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are respiratory substrates primarily used for during cellular respiration?

    <p>Oxidation to release energy for ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ATP play in cells?

    <p>It serves as the energy currency of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants primarily ensure the uptake of oxygen for respiration?

    <p>By using stomata and lenticels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can plant parts manage gas exchange without specialized organs?

    <p>Because each part manages its own gas exchange needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in respiration rates between plants and animals?

    <p>Plants have lower respiration rates compared to animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cellular respiration, what happens to the energy released from respiratory substrates?

    <p>It is captured in a series of enzymatic steps as ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when citrate is isomerised?

    <p>Isocitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is produced during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?

    <p>GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Reducing to NADH + H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when GTP is converted to GDP?

    <p>Synthesis of ATP from ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound acts as a substrate level phosphorylating agent in the cycle?

    <p>Succinyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps involves the oxidation of FAD?

    <p>Oxidation of succinate to fumarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxaloacetic acid in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Acts as a starting and replenishing material for the cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many points in the citric acid cycle reduce NAD+ to NADH + H+?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP molecules during the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?

    <p>38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fermentation compare to aerobic respiration in terms of glucose breakdown?

    <p>Fermentation accounts for partial breakdown of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substrates are primarily converted into glucose before being used for respiration?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for fatty acids before they can enter the respiratory pathway?

    <p>They must be degraded to acetyl CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of NADH in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

    <p>NADH is oxidized to NAD+ slowly in fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has the respiratory process traditionally been considered a catabolic process?

    <p>It involves the breakdown of substrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?

    <p>Krebs’ cycle or as pyruvate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the compounds used for energy during respiration in relation to substrate synthesis?

    <p>They are withdrawn for the synthesis of substrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substrate is favored for cellular respiration in living organisms?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycolysis occur within a cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs under anaerobic conditions during cellular respiration?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes generates the most energy during respiration?

    <p>Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the respiratory quotient indicate?

    <p>Type of respiratory substrate used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the Krebs cycle?

    <p>It is part of aerobic respiration that generates NADH and FADH2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what part of the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows plants to trap light energy and convert it into chemical energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant typically carries out photosynthesis?

    <p>Cells containing chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for all life processes in plants?

    <p>Oxidation of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are saprophytes like fungi primarily dependent on for their energy needs?

    <p>Dead and decaying matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms can prepare their own food through photosynthesis?

    <p>Green plants and cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for food to be used by non-green parts of a plant?

    <p>Food has to be translocated from green parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do animals obtain their food?

    <p>They directly consume plants or other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the energy released during respiration ultimately come from?

    <p>Photosynthesis in green plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complexes is responsible for the oxidation of ubiquinol?

    <p>Complex III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of FADH2?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It serves as the terminal electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the relationship between the electron transport chain and ATP production?

    <p>The electron transfer is directly coupled to ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the number of ATP molecules synthesized during aerobic respiration?

    <p>The type of respiratory substrate used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electron carrier is involved in transferring electrons between complex III and IV?

    <p>Cytochrome c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substrate used for respiration in living organisms?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, how many molecules of pyruvic acid are generated from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs in the mitochondria and is dependent on the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the electron transport system in cellular respiration?

    <p>To trap energy and synthesize ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvic acid under anaerobic conditions?

    <p>It undergoes fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are generated during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>NADH + H+ and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cellular respiration, what does the term 'amphibolic pathway' refer to?

    <p>A pathway involving both anabolism and catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary process allows cells to partially oxidise glucose without oxygen?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of a plant does photosynthesis predominantly occur?

    <p>Leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the complete combustion of glucose?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of oxidizing glucose in several steps during respiration?

    <p>It minimizes heat loss and maximizes ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes organisms that can live in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures in plant stems facilitate gas exchange?

    <p>Lenticels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step of glycolysis?

    <p>Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmosphere likely hosted the first cells on Earth?

    <p>Lacking oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the respiratory pathway considered amphibolic?

    <p>It simultaneously participates in both anabolism and catabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are used as a substrate?

    <p>1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RQ value associated with the use of fats during respiration?

    <p>0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to acetyl CoA during the synthesis of fatty acids?

    <p>It is withdrawn from the respiratory pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an RQ value of 0.9 suggest about the type of substrate being used?

    <p>Proteins are primarily used as substrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is catabolism defined in the context of metabolism?

    <p>It describes breakdown processes that release energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the respiratory quotient?

    <p>RQ values can indicate metabolic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of the respiratory pathway?

    <p>Release of CO2 and energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are synthesised during glycolysis from one glucose molecule?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is formed when PGAL is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

    <p>NADH + H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the conversion of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

    <p>Two hydrogen atoms are removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ATP synthesis in glycolysis is true?

    <p>ATP is produced exclusively from substrate-level phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP during the initial stages of glycolysis?

    <p>ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde?

    <p>Isomerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, how is energy primarily captured during the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglyceric acid?

    <p>By synthesizing ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant primarily carries out photosynthesis?

    <p>Leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do non-green parts of the plant obtain the necessary food?

    <p>Translocating food from green parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which green plants capture light energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrition do animals primarily exhibit?

    <p>Heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do green plants predominantly use to produce energy for life processes?

    <p>Macromolecule oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are capable of preparing their own food through photosynthesis?

    <p>Green plants and cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the relationship between respiration and energy?

    <p>Energy is released from food during respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does glucose utilization in fermentation compare to aerobic respiration?

    <p>Glucose is partially broken down in fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must fatty acids undergo before they can enter the respiratory pathway?

    <p>Conversion into acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of NADH oxidation in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

    <p>It is less vigorous in fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason respiration has been traditionally viewed as a catabolic process?

    <p>It generates ATP from glucose breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathways work simultaneously in a living system rather than sequentially?

    <p>Both anabolic and catabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point can amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?

    <p>During the Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first steps carbohydrates undergo before being utilized for respiration?

    <p>Conversion into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of glycolysis that enters the mitochondria for aerobic respiration?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Pyruvic dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the complete oxidation of pyruvate occur within mitochondria?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial stage of cellular respiration where glucose is converted into pyruvic acid?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During aerobic respiration, how many molecules of NADH are produced from two molecules of pyruvic acid?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first molecule formed when acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What depends on the type of respiratory substrate used during respiration?

    <p>Respiratory quotient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions, what process occurs after glycolysis in some organisms?

    <p>Alcohol fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following coenzymes is NOT involved in the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?

    <p>FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What waste product is formed as a result of the complete oxidation of pyruvate during aerobic respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA take place?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway directly follows the transformation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA?

    <p>Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Energy transport to the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to energy production in the mitochondria through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?

    <p>To release energy from food materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the favored substrate for respiration in living organisms?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the respiratory substrates?

    <p>Any organic compounds can be oxidized for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the oxidation of respiratory substrates primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>In the mitochondria and cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

    <p>It serves as an energy currency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants ensure the availability of oxygen for respiration?

    <p>Through the use of stomata and lenticels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main gas do plants produce as a byproduct of respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy released from respiratory substrates during respiration?

    <p>It is captured as ATP through a series of reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?

    <p>To partially oxidize glucose to pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organisms rely on anaerobic conditions for their survival?

    <p>Obligate anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process primarily allows glucose to harness energy while minimizing heat loss?

    <p>Oxidation of glucose in multiple small steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

    <p>In the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the oxygen release during photosynthesis is true?

    <p>Oxygen is released from the same cells that require it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major end product of the complete combustion of glucose?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do parenchyma cells contribute to gas exchange in plants?

    <p>By creating interconnected air spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the breakdown of glucose under anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compounds are typically oxidized during cellular respiration to release energy?

    <p>Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas do plants give out during respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first product formed when pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coenzymes are required for the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?

    <p>NAD+ and Coenzyme A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the electrons removed from hydrogen atoms during aerobic respiration?

    <p>They are passed to molecular O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the mitochondria does the complete oxidation of pyruvate occur?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced in addition to Acetyl CoA during the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid?

    <p>NADH and H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme catalyzes the condensation of the acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid in the TCA cycle?

    <p>Citrate synthetase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is not formed during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?

    <p>FADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of CO2 are generated from one molecule of pyruvate during aerobic respiration?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>Two molecules of pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose in plants?

    <p>Invertase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, which molecule is formed after glucose-6-phosphate becomes fructose-6-phosphate?

    <p>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism solely relies on glycolysis for respiration in anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Anaerobic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two monosaccharides readily enter the glycolytic pathway after being derived from sucrose?

    <p>Glucose and fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

    <p>Phosphorylation of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, what is produced as a result of the oxidation of NAD+?

    <p>NADH + H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is formed through a series of ten reactions in glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a result of the isomerization of citrate?

    <p>Isocitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is required for the continued oxidation of acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?

    <p>Oxaloacetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the reduction of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>NAD+ is reduced to form NADH + H+ at three points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to GTP during its conversion to GDP in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>It leads to ATP synthesis from ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many points in the citric acid cycle result in the reduction of FAD to FADH2?

    <p>One point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>To combine with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a requirement for the regeneration of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Oxidation of NADH to NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main endpoint product of aerobic respiration of glucose?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total net gain of ATP molecules during the fermentation of one molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do fatty acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?

    <p>As acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fermentation from aerobic respiration regarding glucose breakdown?

    <p>Fermentation is incomplete while aerobic respiration is complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after deamination?

    <p>At various stages within the Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ signify in the context of respiration?

    <p>It occurs vigorously in aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do substrates play in the respiratory process?

    <p>Substrates can be extracted to synthesize other compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is glucose favored as a substrate for respiration?

    <p>It can be broken down completely into simpler compounds for maximal ATP yield.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are directly synthesized from one glucose molecule during glycolysis?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?

    <p>Serves as an electron acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two molecules are produced when fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is split?

    <p>Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of glycolysis involves substrate-level phosphorylation?

    <p>Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, which molecule directly results from the conversion of 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate?

    <p>3-phosphoglyceric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the energy produced during glycolysis primarily captured?

    <p>As ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first product formed when pyruvate enters the mitochondria?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the condensation of the acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid in the TCA cycle?

    <p>Citrate synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does NAD+ play in the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?

    <p>Electron acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of the TCA cycle regarding electron carriers?

    <p>Reduction of NAD+ and FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in cells when oxygen is not available?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the passing of electrons to molecular oxygen occur during aerobic respiration?

    <p>Inner membrane of the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of glycolysis?

    <p>To produce ATP and pyruvate from glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of glucose during complete combustion?

    <p>It produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about aerobic respiration is true?

    <p>It involves the complete oxidation of organic substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants primarily ensure gas exchange during respiration?

    <p>By having most cells in contact with air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released as a byproduct during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows plant cells to utilize some of the energy released during glucose oxidation?

    <p>Oxidizing glucose in several small steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding plant cells and oxygen during photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen is released within the cells, avoiding issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the plant is the majority of gas exchange facilitated?

    <p>In the stems, leaves, and roots due to open structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term originates from the Greek words meaning 'sugar' and 'splitting'?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial product formed when glucose undergoes partial oxidation in glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, which compound is directly converted from glucose-6-phosphate?

    <p>Fructose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, which process primarily occurs in the cytoplasm of all living organisms?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the end products of glycolysis when glucose is fully metabolized

    <p>Pyruvate and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substrate is formed from sucrose before entering the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ATP play during the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>It is consumed in the initial steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many reactions are involved in the glycolytic pathway to convert glucose to pyruvate?

    <p>Ten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?

    <p>GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is essential for replenishing the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Oxaloacetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the production of ATP in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>ATP is produced directly during substrate level phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of FAD in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>To participate in the reduction of FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is produced from the degradation of citrate during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Isocitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phosphorylation occurs when GTP is converted to GDP?

    <p>Substrate level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two coenzymes must be regenerated for the continued function of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>NAD+ and FAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are fully oxidized?

    <p>1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the respiratory pathway considered an amphibolic pathway?

    <p>It facilitates both anabolic and catabolic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) for fats during respiration?

    <p>0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to acetyl CoA when the organism synthesizes fatty acids?

    <p>It is withdrawn from the respiratory pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between catabolism and anabolism in living organisms according to metabolic processes?

    <p>Catabolism is related to breaking down, while anabolism relates to synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of respiratory substrates, which has the RQ ratio closest to 0.9?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory pathway in relation to metabolic pathways?

    <p>To link catabolic and anabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the breakdown of substrates for energy?

    <p>The respiratory pathway functions during both breakdown and synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathway for the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions, what process occurs to convert pyruvate in many organisms?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes generates NADH during cellular respiration?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathway is the respiratory pathway classified as?

    <p>Amphibolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to acetyl CoA after it is formed from pyruvic acid?

    <p>Enters Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary respiratory substrate favored by living organisms?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of chloroplasts in green plants?

    <p>They contain the pigments needed for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do non-green parts of plants get their necessary food for oxidation?

    <p>They receive translocated food from green parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutritional strategy do herbivores primarily use?

    <p>Heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary product of photosynthesis that plants utilize for respiration?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes saprophytes like fungi in terms of their energy acquisition?

    <p>They depend on dead and decaying matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate source of energy for all life processes as stated in the content?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary end product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for converting sucrose into glucose and fructose?

    <p>Invertase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the plant does photosynthesis mainly occur?

    <p>Chloroplast-containing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial step occurs during the glycolytic pathway after glucose is phosphorylated?

    <p>Isomerization to fructose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, how many reactions occur to convert glucose into pyruvate?

    <p>10 reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule enters glycolysis readily after the action of invertase?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the glycolytic pathway, what is the significance of NAD+?

    <p>It donates electrons during oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized through the electron transport system?

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex is responsible for oxidizing NADH within the mitochondrial inner membrane?

    <p>NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of NADH + H+ are synthesized from one glucose molecule?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is oxygen critical in the respiratory process?

    <p>It acts as the final electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released as a product during glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process relies exclusively on anaerobic conditions for energy production?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the electron transport system receives electrons from FADH2?

    <p>Ubiquinone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is oxygen not a limiting factor for photosynthesizing cells in plants?

    <p>Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ADP in the mitochondrial matrix during respiration?

    <p>To be converted into ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of parenchyma cells facilitate gas exchange?

    <p>They create interconnected air spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about FADH2 is correct?

    <p>FADH2 donates electrons later in the electron transport chain than NADH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the cells in thick, woody stems and roots of plants?

    <p>Only the outer layers are living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of ATP molecules produced from one molecule of glucose via the citric acid cycle and electron transport system?

    <p>30-32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the complete combustion of glucose?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide and Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of respiration utilize during glucose oxidation?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial stage of cellular respiration called?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In aerobic respiration, what happens to pyruvic acid after glycolysis?

    <p>It is transported into the mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do plants primarily use for gaseous exchange?

    <p>Stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the mitochondria after the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA?

    <p>Krebs Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options best describes fermentation?

    <p>It occurs under anaerobic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about respiratory substrates is true?

    <p>Glucose is the favored substrate for respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>It utilizes an electron transport system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for considering the respiratory pathway as amphibolic?

    <p>It is involved in both breakdown and synthesis of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) value when carbohydrates are used as a substrate?

    <p>1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the RQ when fats are used in respiration?

    <p>The RQ is less than 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When proteins are used as respiratory substrates, what is the approximate RQ value?

    <p>0.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to acetyl CoA when the organism needs to synthesize fatty acids?

    <p>It is withdrawn from the respiratory pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration?

    <p>$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the respiratory pathway essential during both catabolic and anabolic processes?

    <p>It connects energy-producing and energy-consuming pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed when tripalmitin is the substrate for respiration?

    <p>0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial product of glycolysis from glucose?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phosphorylated form of glucose produced by hexokinase?

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the pathway of fructose in glycolysis?

    <p>It follows the same steps as glucose after phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glycolysis produce as a direct byproduct during its series of reactions?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many reactions are involved in the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is formed from glucose via the isomerization process in glycolysis?

    <p>Fructose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the initial step in glycolysis where glucose is phosphorylated?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the metabolic fates of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Conversion to lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol during alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Alcohol dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason yeast can be poisoned by high alcohol concentrations?

    <p>Toxic byproducts inhibit enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation differ in their production?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP yield from one molecule of glucose during fermentation?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process requires oxygen for complete oxidation of glucose?

    <p>Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of condition does fermentation typically occur in?

    <p>Anaerobic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells, what is pyruvic acid converted into?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are completely oxidized during respiration?

    <p>1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the respiratory quotient change when fats are used as a respiratory substrate?

    <p>The RQ is less than 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of the oxidation of glucose in plant cells?

    <p>The release of carbon dioxide and water along with energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of the respiratory pathway in metabolism?

    <p>It links both catabolic and anabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows cells to partially oxidize glucose without oxygen?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected respiratory quotient (RQ) for proteins used as respiratory substrates?

    <p>0.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the plant are the living cells primarily located in stems?

    <p>Inside the bark and in thin layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a respiratory quotient of 0.7 indicate about substrate metabolism?

    <p>Fats are being metabolized as the primary substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During aerobic respiration, what is the relationship between O2 consumption and CO2 production?

    <p>They are always in equal volumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facilitates the gas exchange in most plant cells despite their structure?

    <p>Loose packing of parenchyma cells creating air spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables ATP synthesis during glucose oxidation?

    <p>Coupling large energy steps to ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the respiratory pathway considered amphibolic?

    <p>It links energy production and metabolism of different substrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of organisms can survive without oxygen due to their metabolic adaptations?

    <p>Obligate anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product of glucose combustion is primarily released as heat?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in ATP production between fermentation and aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation produces only 2 ATP, while aerobic respiration can produce up to 38 ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do different substrates enter the respiratory pathway for energy production?

    <p>Different substrates enter at various stages depending on their chemical structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to NADH during fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

    <p>NADH is oxidized to NAD+ slowly in fermentation, but vigorously in aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are amphibolic pathways important in cellular respiration?

    <p>They demonstrate the simultaneous interconversion of catabolic and anabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of glucose during fermentation?

    <p>It is partially broken down to pyruvic acid, yielding ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for fatty acids to enter the respiratory pathway?

    <p>They must first be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the respiratory process traditionally considered a catabolic process?

    <p>It focuses on breaking down substrates for energy release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway during metabolism?

    <p>After deamination, they enter at various stages of the Krebs cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of oxygen in the process of respiration?

    <p>To act as the final acceptor of hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the F0 component of ATP synthase?

    <p>To transport protons across the inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protons must pass through the F0 component to produce one molecule of ATP?

    <p>4 H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant assumption made when calculating the net gain of ATP from glucose oxidation?

    <p>Alternative substrates do not enter the respiration pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phosphorylation occurs during the process described in respiration?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What energy source is utilized for ATP synthesis during respiration compared to photophosphorylation?

    <p>Chemical energy from oxidation-reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of ATP synthase contains the site for the synthesis of ATP?

    <p>F1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During oxidative phosphorylation, what drives ATP synthesis?

    <p>The flow of electrons along the transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about oxygen availability in plant cells during photosynthesis is accurate?

    <p>Oxygen is produced and released within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of catabolizing glucose in small steps during respiration?

    <p>To ensure energy release is coupled to ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen in certain organisms?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, what is the primary product formed from the breakdown of glucose?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason cells can survive in environments lacking oxygen?

    <p>They can utilize anaerobic metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lenticels in plant stems important for?

    <p>Gas exchange in living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the loose packing of parenchyma cells benefit plant respiration?

    <p>It allows for an interconnected network of air spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general outcome of the complete combustion of glucose?

    <p>Energy, carbon dioxide, and water are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does oxygen play in the respiration process?

    <p>It acts as the final hydrogen acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the function of ATP synthase (complex V)?

    <p>It synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of protons passing through the F0 complex of ATP synthase?

    <p>It is coupled to ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can affect the theoretical net gain of ATP from glucose oxidation?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what assumption is the calculation of ATP yield primarily based?

    <p>Only glucose is respired throughout the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism describes the synthesis of ATP linked to the electron transport chain?

    <p>Chemiosmotic hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protons need to pass through the F0 complex to synthesize one ATP molecule?

    <p>4 H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>A continuous supply of NADH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the breakdown process of glucose in fermentation compare to that in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation accounts for only partial breakdown of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen to fatty acids before they can enter the respiratory pathway?

    <p>They must be oxidized to fatty acyl CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason respiration is traditionally considered a catabolic process?

    <p>Respiration breaks down substrates for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the oxidation of NADH in fermentation versus aerobic respiration?

    <p>It is slow in fermentation and vigorous in aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which point in the respiratory pathway do proteins enter after degradation?

    <p>As pyruvate or acetyl CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glucose in cellular respiration?

    <p>It acts as the primary substrate for respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about respiratory substrates is incorrect?

    <p>Proteins enter the pathway unchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the respiratory quotient (RQ) measure?

    <p>The volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed during respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the respiratory quotient (RQ) be when carbohydrates are the primary substrate?

    <p>1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the respiratory pathway in relation to metabolism?

    <p>It is considered an amphibolic pathway due to involvement in both anabolism and catabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RQ value for respiration using the fatty acid tripalmitin?

    <p>0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding catabolism and anabolism is true?

    <p>Catabolism refers to breaking down processes, while anabolism refers to synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When fatty acids are synthesized, what happens to acetyl CoA?

    <p>It is withdrawn from the respiratory pathway for synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RQ value when proteins are the respiratory substrates?

    <p>0.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of breaking down fatty acids before entering the respiratory pathway?

    <p>Fatty acids must be transformed into acetyl CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is essential for the continual oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Oxaloacetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times is NAD+ reduced to NADH + H+ during one complete turn of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is formed as a result of substrate-level phosphorylation during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of FAD+ during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>It is reduced to FADH2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first compound formed after citrate is isomerised?

    <p>Isocitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound is regenerated from NADH and FADH2 in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>FAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process occurring when GTP is converted to GDP?

    <p>ATP is synthesized from ADP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 in the respiratory process?

    <p>To serve as electron carriers in the electron transport system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the electron transport chain is the first to oxidize NADH?

    <p>NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the electron transport system contribute to ATP synthesis?

    <p>Through creating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a byproduct of the reaction between electrons and oxygen in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall stoichiometric equation for the citric acid cycle as it relates to NADH and FADH2 production?

    <p>2 Pyruvic acid + 4 NAD+ + FAD + 2 ADP → 6 CO2 + 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential component is required for the electron transport system to function effectively?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is produced in the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the electron transfer process?

    <p>Ubiquinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the metabolic pathway involving electron transfer between carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane refer to?

    <p>Electron transport system (ETS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It acts as a mobile carrier for electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex is directly responsible for transferring electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c?

    <p>Complex III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are synthesized from one molecule of FADH2 during cellular respiration?

    <p>2 molecules of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It serves as the final electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the number of ATP molecules synthesized during respiration?

    <p>The nature of the electron donor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are contained within the cytochrome c oxidase complex (complex IV)?

    <p>Cytochromes a and a3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During oxidation of NADH, how many molecules of ATP are produced?

    <p>3 molecules of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first product formed when glucose is phosphorylated in the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, which metabolic intermediate is formed directly from glucose-6-phosphate?

    <p>Fructose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of glycolysis when glucose is partially oxidized?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do glucose and fructose yield after undergoing subsequent steps of metabolism in glycolysis?

    <p>ATP and NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the EMP pathway in anaerobic organisms?

    <p>It is the only process in respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps in glycolysis involves a change in the carbon structure of glucose?

    <p>Isomerization to fructose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is glycolysis an essential process in all living organisms?

    <p>It provides the starting point for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the metabolic fate of pyruvate?

    <p>Cellular energy demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced from the fermentation of glucose by yeast?

    <p>Ethanol and CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid in animal muscles?

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP from glucose during fermentation processes?

    <p>Around 2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular condition does fermentation typically take place?

    <p>Anaerobic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of high alcohol concentration during yeast fermentation?

    <p>Inhibition of yeast growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major pathway for complete oxidation of glucose in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of fermentation?

    <p>Fermentation is a less efficient process than aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycolysis primarily responsible for in the process of cellular respiration?

    <p>Splitting glucose into pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What products are formed from the complete combustion of glucose?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In certain conditions, some cells can survive without oxygen. What are these cells called?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary reasons why plant cells can effectively manage gas exchange?

    <p>Most cells are close to the surface and have a network of air spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a result of glycolysis besides pyruvic acid?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the respiratory quotient (RQ) be when fats are used as a substrate?

    <p>0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it efficient for cells to oxidize glucose in several small steps?

    <p>To efficiently convert energy into ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the synthesis of fatty acids, what happens to acetyl CoA?

    <p>It is withdrawn from the respiratory pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) for proteins when they are used as substrates?

    <p>0.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of catabolism and anabolism, which term refers to the breakdown processes within a living organism?

    <p>Catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ratio describes the relationship between the volume of CO2 evolved and the volume of O2 consumed during respiration?

    <p>Respiratory quotient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key feature of the respiratory pathway regarding its involvement in metabolism?

    <p>It facilitates both energy breakdown and synthesis processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substrate for cellular respiration in most living organisms?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs in the cytoplasm during cellular respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electron carrier accepts electrons in the electron transport system?

    <p>O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what process is ATP synthesized through the action of electron carriers?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aerobic respiration from fermentation?

    <p>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NADH + H+ in cellular respiration?

    <p>They are used to synthesize ATP in the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiration in Plants

    • Plants, like all living things, require energy for daily activities.
    • Energy comes from oxidizing food.
    • Photosynthesis is how green plants/cyanobacteria produce their own food.
    • Plants don't have to "eat" food like animals—they convert light into chemical energy.
    • This chemical energy is stored in the bonds of carbohydrates like sugars (glucose, sucrose, starch).
    • These molecules provide energy through respiration.

    Breathing in Plants

    • All plant parts don't necessarily need the same amount of gas exchange.
    • Gas exchange happens in leaves, stems, and roots.
    • Stomata and lenticels allow gas exchange.
    • Plants don't have respiratory systems like animals—gas exchange occurs by diffusion.
    • Plants don't need as much gas exchange as animals—each plant part handles its own needs.
    • During photosynthesis, O₂ need is less of a concern.

    Glycolysis

    • The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.
    • Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells.
    • Partial oxidation—releases some energy in a stepwise process.
    • Creates two ATP molecules per glucose.
    • Creates NADH which store energy.

    Fermentation

    • Anaerobic process—occurs when oxygen is unavailable.
    • Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen.
    • Produces lactic acid (animals) or ethanol/CO₂ (yeast/bacteria)
    • Very little energy is released compared to aerobic respiration.
    • Important biochemical pathway for life.

    Krebs Cycle

    • Also known as the citric acid cycle.
    • Occurs within mitochondria matrix.
    • Pyruvate from glycolysis enters and is converted to acetyl CoA.
    • Continues the breakdown of glucose and releases CO2.
    • Further extracts energy, storing it as NADH and FADH2.

    Electron Transport System (ETS)

    • A series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
    • Takes electrons from NADH and FADH2, passing them along the chain.
    • Energy released pumps protons (H+) across the inner membrane.
    • The proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
    • Produces a large number of ATP molecules.

    Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

    • Ratio of CO₂ released to O₂ consumed during respiration.
    • Varies depending on the respiratory substrate.
    • Carbohydrates: RQ = 1
    • Fats: RQ < 1
    • Proteins: RQ ~ 0.9

    Amphibolic Pathway

    • Respiratory pathway isn't solely catabolic (breakdown).
    • It also contributes to anabolic processes (biosynthesis of other molecules).
    • Molecules generated during respiration can be repurposed in various metabolic functions.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Respiration in Plants PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating processes of respiration and photosynthesis in plants. This quiz covers how plants generate energy from light and the mechanisms of gas exchange in various plant parts. Test your understanding of glycolysis and the unique respiration methods in plants.

    More Like This

    Plant Respiration and Photosynthesis Quiz
    3 questions

    Plant Respiration and Photosynthesis Quiz

    AmpleChicago avatar
    AmpleChicago
    Plant Respiration and Photosynthesis
    12 questions

    Plant Respiration and Photosynthesis

    BeauteousBlackberryBush avatar
    BeauteousBlackberryBush
    Plant Respiration and Photosynthesis Quiz
    6 questions

    Plant Respiration and Photosynthesis Quiz

    BeauteousBlackberryBush avatar
    BeauteousBlackberryBush
    Photosynthesis and Plant Respiration Quiz
    5 questions

    Photosynthesis and Plant Respiration Quiz

    AgreeableTachisme avatar
    AgreeableTachisme
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser