Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
What is the role of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
- It synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
- It acts as a mobile carrier for electron transfer. (correct)
- It contains copper centers that facilitate oxidation.
- It reduces ubiquinone to form ubiquinol.
What does complex IV in the electron transport chain consist of?
What does complex IV in the electron transport chain consist of?
- Ubiquinone and other electron carriers.
- NADH and FADH2.
- Cytochromes a and a3, and two copper centers. (correct)
- ATP synthase and ADP.
How many molecules of ATP are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of NADH?
How many molecules of ATP are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of NADH?
- 4
- 3 (correct)
- 1
- 2
What is the primary function of complex V in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary function of complex V in the electron transport chain?
What determines the number of ATP molecules synthesized during respiration?
What determines the number of ATP molecules synthesized during respiration?
What is the limiting factor for the aerobic process of respiration?
What is the limiting factor for the aerobic process of respiration?
What is the function of cytochrome b c1 complex (complex III)?
What is the function of cytochrome b c1 complex (complex III)?
What is the main outcome of the electron transport chain?
What is the main outcome of the electron transport chain?
What is one of the main conditions under which fermentation occurs?
What is one of the main conditions under which fermentation occurs?
Which enzyme is involved in converting pyruvic acid to ethanol during alcoholic fermentation?
Which enzyme is involved in converting pyruvic acid to ethanol during alcoholic fermentation?
What is produced as a byproduct of lactic acid fermentation in animal muscles during exercise?
What is produced as a byproduct of lactic acid fermentation in animal muscles during exercise?
What percentage of energy from glucose is typically released during fermentation processes?
What percentage of energy from glucose is typically released during fermentation processes?
What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration compared to fermentation?
What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration compared to fermentation?
Which of the following processes occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen?
Which of the following processes occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen?
How do yeasts become inhibited by high concentrations of alcohol during fermentation?
How do yeasts become inhibited by high concentrations of alcohol during fermentation?
What reducing agent is reoxidized to NAD+ during the fermentation processes?
What reducing agent is reoxidized to NAD+ during the fermentation processes?
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration in cells?
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration in cells?
Where does the breakdown of complex molecules primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does the breakdown of complex molecules primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?
What are respiratory substrates primarily used for during cellular respiration?
What are respiratory substrates primarily used for during cellular respiration?
What role does ATP play in cells?
What role does ATP play in cells?
How do plants primarily ensure the uptake of oxygen for respiration?
How do plants primarily ensure the uptake of oxygen for respiration?
Why can plant parts manage gas exchange without specialized organs?
Why can plant parts manage gas exchange without specialized organs?
What is a key difference in respiration rates between plants and animals?
What is a key difference in respiration rates between plants and animals?
During cellular respiration, what happens to the energy released from respiratory substrates?
During cellular respiration, what happens to the energy released from respiratory substrates?
What is formed when citrate is isomerised?
What is formed when citrate is isomerised?
Which molecule is produced during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?
Which molecule is produced during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?
What is the primary function of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?
What is the primary function of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?
What is the outcome when GTP is converted to GDP?
What is the outcome when GTP is converted to GDP?
Which compound acts as a substrate level phosphorylating agent in the cycle?
Which compound acts as a substrate level phosphorylating agent in the cycle?
Which of the following steps involves the oxidation of FAD?
Which of the following steps involves the oxidation of FAD?
What is the role of oxaloacetic acid in the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of oxaloacetic acid in the citric acid cycle?
How many points in the citric acid cycle reduce NAD+ to NADH + H+?
How many points in the citric acid cycle reduce NAD+ to NADH + H+?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules during the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules during the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?
How does fermentation compare to aerobic respiration in terms of glucose breakdown?
How does fermentation compare to aerobic respiration in terms of glucose breakdown?
Which substrates are primarily converted into glucose before being used for respiration?
Which substrates are primarily converted into glucose before being used for respiration?
What is required for fatty acids before they can enter the respiratory pathway?
What is required for fatty acids before they can enter the respiratory pathway?
What is the primary role of NADH in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
What is the primary role of NADH in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
Why has the respiratory process traditionally been considered a catabolic process?
Why has the respiratory process traditionally been considered a catabolic process?
At which stage do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?
At which stage do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?
What happens to the compounds used for energy during respiration in relation to substrate synthesis?
What happens to the compounds used for energy during respiration in relation to substrate synthesis?
Which substrate is favored for cellular respiration in living organisms?
Which substrate is favored for cellular respiration in living organisms?
Where does glycolysis occur within a cell?
Where does glycolysis occur within a cell?
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
What occurs under anaerobic conditions during cellular respiration?
What occurs under anaerobic conditions during cellular respiration?
Which of the following processes generates the most energy during respiration?
Which of the following processes generates the most energy during respiration?
What does the respiratory quotient indicate?
What does the respiratory quotient indicate?
Which statement best describes the Krebs cycle?
Which statement best describes the Krebs cycle?
In what part of the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
In what part of the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
What process allows plants to trap light energy and convert it into chemical energy?
What process allows plants to trap light energy and convert it into chemical energy?
Which part of the plant typically carries out photosynthesis?
Which part of the plant typically carries out photosynthesis?
What is the primary source of energy for all life processes in plants?
What is the primary source of energy for all life processes in plants?
What are saprophytes like fungi primarily dependent on for their energy needs?
What are saprophytes like fungi primarily dependent on for their energy needs?
Which organisms can prepare their own food through photosynthesis?
Which organisms can prepare their own food through photosynthesis?
What must occur for food to be used by non-green parts of a plant?
What must occur for food to be used by non-green parts of a plant?
How do animals obtain their food?
How do animals obtain their food?
Where does the energy released during respiration ultimately come from?
Where does the energy released during respiration ultimately come from?
Which of the following complexes is responsible for the oxidation of ubiquinol?
Which of the following complexes is responsible for the oxidation of ubiquinol?
How many ATP molecules are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of FADH2?
How many ATP molecules are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of FADH2?
What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
Which statement describes the relationship between the electron transport chain and ATP production?
Which statement describes the relationship between the electron transport chain and ATP production?
What factor influences the number of ATP molecules synthesized during aerobic respiration?
What factor influences the number of ATP molecules synthesized during aerobic respiration?
Which electron carrier is involved in transferring electrons between complex III and IV?
Which electron carrier is involved in transferring electrons between complex III and IV?
What is the primary substrate used for respiration in living organisms?
What is the primary substrate used for respiration in living organisms?
During glycolysis, how many molecules of pyruvic acid are generated from one molecule of glucose?
During glycolysis, how many molecules of pyruvic acid are generated from one molecule of glucose?
Which process occurs in the mitochondria and is dependent on the presence of oxygen?
Which process occurs in the mitochondria and is dependent on the presence of oxygen?
What is the role of the electron transport system in cellular respiration?
What is the role of the electron transport system in cellular respiration?
What happens to pyruvic acid under anaerobic conditions?
What happens to pyruvic acid under anaerobic conditions?
Which molecules are generated during the Krebs cycle?
Which molecules are generated during the Krebs cycle?
In the context of cellular respiration, what does the term 'amphibolic pathway' refer to?
In the context of cellular respiration, what does the term 'amphibolic pathway' refer to?
What primary process allows cells to partially oxidise glucose without oxygen?
What primary process allows cells to partially oxidise glucose without oxygen?
In which part of a plant does photosynthesis predominantly occur?
In which part of a plant does photosynthesis predominantly occur?
What is the end product of the complete combustion of glucose?
What is the end product of the complete combustion of glucose?
What is a major advantage of oxidizing glucose in several steps during respiration?
What is a major advantage of oxidizing glucose in several steps during respiration?
What term describes organisms that can live in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions?
What term describes organisms that can live in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions?
What structures in plant stems facilitate gas exchange?
What structures in plant stems facilitate gas exchange?
What is the initial step of glycolysis?
What is the initial step of glycolysis?
Which atmosphere likely hosted the first cells on Earth?
Which atmosphere likely hosted the first cells on Earth?
What makes the respiratory pathway considered amphibolic?
What makes the respiratory pathway considered amphibolic?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are used as a substrate?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are used as a substrate?
What is the RQ value associated with the use of fats during respiration?
What is the RQ value associated with the use of fats during respiration?
What happens to acetyl CoA during the synthesis of fatty acids?
What happens to acetyl CoA during the synthesis of fatty acids?
What does an RQ value of 0.9 suggest about the type of substrate being used?
What does an RQ value of 0.9 suggest about the type of substrate being used?
How is catabolism defined in the context of metabolism?
How is catabolism defined in the context of metabolism?
Which statement is true regarding the respiratory quotient?
Which statement is true regarding the respiratory quotient?
What is the main outcome of the respiratory pathway?
What is the main outcome of the respiratory pathway?
How many ATP molecules are synthesised during glycolysis from one glucose molecule?
How many ATP molecules are synthesised during glycolysis from one glucose molecule?
Which substance is formed when PGAL is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
Which substance is formed when PGAL is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
What occurs during the conversion of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
What occurs during the conversion of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
What is the final product of glycolysis?
What is the final product of glycolysis?
Which of the following statements about ATP synthesis in glycolysis is true?
Which of the following statements about ATP synthesis in glycolysis is true?
What is the role of ATP during the initial stages of glycolysis?
What is the role of ATP during the initial stages of glycolysis?
What type of reaction occurs when fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde?
What type of reaction occurs when fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde?
During glycolysis, how is energy primarily captured during the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
During glycolysis, how is energy primarily captured during the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
What is the primary source of energy for plants?
What is the primary source of energy for plants?
Which part of the plant primarily carries out photosynthesis?
Which part of the plant primarily carries out photosynthesis?
How do non-green parts of the plant obtain the necessary food?
How do non-green parts of the plant obtain the necessary food?
What is the process by which green plants capture light energy?
What is the process by which green plants capture light energy?
What type of nutrition do animals primarily exhibit?
What type of nutrition do animals primarily exhibit?
What do green plants predominantly use to produce energy for life processes?
What do green plants predominantly use to produce energy for life processes?
Which organisms are capable of preparing their own food through photosynthesis?
Which organisms are capable of preparing their own food through photosynthesis?
Which of the following is true about the relationship between respiration and energy?
Which of the following is true about the relationship between respiration and energy?
How does glucose utilization in fermentation compare to aerobic respiration?
How does glucose utilization in fermentation compare to aerobic respiration?
What must fatty acids undergo before they can enter the respiratory pathway?
What must fatty acids undergo before they can enter the respiratory pathway?
What is a characteristic of NADH oxidation in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
What is a characteristic of NADH oxidation in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
What is the primary reason respiration has been traditionally viewed as a catabolic process?
What is the primary reason respiration has been traditionally viewed as a catabolic process?
Which type of pathways work simultaneously in a living system rather than sequentially?
Which type of pathways work simultaneously in a living system rather than sequentially?
At what point can amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?
At what point can amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?
What is one of the first steps carbohydrates undergo before being utilized for respiration?
What is one of the first steps carbohydrates undergo before being utilized for respiration?
What is the final product of glycolysis that enters the mitochondria for aerobic respiration?
What is the final product of glycolysis that enters the mitochondria for aerobic respiration?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in aerobic respiration?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in aerobic respiration?
Where does the complete oxidation of pyruvate occur within mitochondria?
Where does the complete oxidation of pyruvate occur within mitochondria?
What is the initial stage of cellular respiration where glucose is converted into pyruvic acid?
What is the initial stage of cellular respiration where glucose is converted into pyruvic acid?
During aerobic respiration, how many molecules of NADH are produced from two molecules of pyruvic acid?
During aerobic respiration, how many molecules of NADH are produced from two molecules of pyruvic acid?
What is the first molecule formed when acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle?
What is the first molecule formed when acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle?
What depends on the type of respiratory substrate used during respiration?
What depends on the type of respiratory substrate used during respiration?
Under anaerobic conditions, what process occurs after glycolysis in some organisms?
Under anaerobic conditions, what process occurs after glycolysis in some organisms?
Which of the following coenzymes is NOT involved in the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?
Which of the following coenzymes is NOT involved in the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?
What waste product is formed as a result of the complete oxidation of pyruvate during aerobic respiration?
What waste product is formed as a result of the complete oxidation of pyruvate during aerobic respiration?
Where does the conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA take place?
Where does the conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA take place?
Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
Which pathway directly follows the transformation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA?
Which pathway directly follows the transformation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA?
What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle?
What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle?
What process leads to energy production in the mitochondria through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
What process leads to energy production in the mitochondria through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
What is the favored substrate for respiration in living organisms?
What is the favored substrate for respiration in living organisms?
Which statement accurately describes the respiratory substrates?
Which statement accurately describes the respiratory substrates?
Where does the oxidation of respiratory substrates primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does the oxidation of respiratory substrates primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?
What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
How do plants ensure the availability of oxygen for respiration?
How do plants ensure the availability of oxygen for respiration?
What main gas do plants produce as a byproduct of respiration?
What main gas do plants produce as a byproduct of respiration?
What happens to the energy released from respiratory substrates during respiration?
What happens to the energy released from respiratory substrates during respiration?
What is the primary role of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?
What is the primary role of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?
Which type of organisms rely on anaerobic conditions for their survival?
Which type of organisms rely on anaerobic conditions for their survival?
What process primarily allows glucose to harness energy while minimizing heat loss?
What process primarily allows glucose to harness energy while minimizing heat loss?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Which statement about the oxygen release during photosynthesis is true?
Which statement about the oxygen release during photosynthesis is true?
What is a major end product of the complete combustion of glucose?
What is a major end product of the complete combustion of glucose?
How do parenchyma cells contribute to gas exchange in plants?
How do parenchyma cells contribute to gas exchange in plants?
What is the first step in the breakdown of glucose under anaerobic conditions?
What is the first step in the breakdown of glucose under anaerobic conditions?
Which compounds are typically oxidized during cellular respiration to release energy?
Which compounds are typically oxidized during cellular respiration to release energy?
What gas do plants give out during respiration?
What gas do plants give out during respiration?
What is the first product formed when pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation?
What is the first product formed when pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation?
Which coenzymes are required for the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?
Which coenzymes are required for the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?
What happens to the electrons removed from hydrogen atoms during aerobic respiration?
What happens to the electrons removed from hydrogen atoms during aerobic respiration?
In which part of the mitochondria does the complete oxidation of pyruvate occur?
In which part of the mitochondria does the complete oxidation of pyruvate occur?
What is produced in addition to Acetyl CoA during the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid?
What is produced in addition to Acetyl CoA during the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid?
What enzyme catalyzes the condensation of the acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid in the TCA cycle?
What enzyme catalyzes the condensation of the acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid in the TCA cycle?
Which product is not formed during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?
Which product is not formed during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?
How many molecules of CO2 are generated from one molecule of pyruvate during aerobic respiration?
How many molecules of CO2 are generated from one molecule of pyruvate during aerobic respiration?
What is the primary product of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?
What is the primary product of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?
Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose in plants?
Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose in plants?
During glycolysis, which molecule is formed after glucose-6-phosphate becomes fructose-6-phosphate?
During glycolysis, which molecule is formed after glucose-6-phosphate becomes fructose-6-phosphate?
What type of organism solely relies on glycolysis for respiration in anaerobic conditions?
What type of organism solely relies on glycolysis for respiration in anaerobic conditions?
What two monosaccharides readily enter the glycolytic pathway after being derived from sucrose?
What two monosaccharides readily enter the glycolytic pathway after being derived from sucrose?
What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?
What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?
In glycolysis, what is produced as a result of the oxidation of NAD+?
In glycolysis, what is produced as a result of the oxidation of NAD+?
Which substance is formed through a series of ten reactions in glycolysis?
Which substance is formed through a series of ten reactions in glycolysis?
What is formed as a result of the isomerization of citrate?
What is formed as a result of the isomerization of citrate?
Which compound is required for the continued oxidation of acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?
Which compound is required for the continued oxidation of acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?
Which of the following correctly describes the reduction of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following correctly describes the reduction of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?
What happens to GTP during its conversion to GDP in the citric acid cycle?
What happens to GTP during its conversion to GDP in the citric acid cycle?
How many points in the citric acid cycle result in the reduction of FAD to FADH2?
How many points in the citric acid cycle result in the reduction of FAD to FADH2?
What is the main function of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?
What is the main function of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following is a requirement for the regeneration of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following is a requirement for the regeneration of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle?
What is the main endpoint product of aerobic respiration of glucose?
What is the main endpoint product of aerobic respiration of glucose?
What is the total net gain of ATP molecules during the fermentation of one molecule of glucose?
What is the total net gain of ATP molecules during the fermentation of one molecule of glucose?
Where do fatty acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?
Where do fatty acids enter the respiratory pathway after degradation?
What distinguishes fermentation from aerobic respiration regarding glucose breakdown?
What distinguishes fermentation from aerobic respiration regarding glucose breakdown?
How do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after deamination?
How do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway after deamination?
What does the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ signify in the context of respiration?
What does the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ signify in the context of respiration?
What role do substrates play in the respiratory process?
What role do substrates play in the respiratory process?
Why is glucose favored as a substrate for respiration?
Why is glucose favored as a substrate for respiration?
How many ATP molecules are directly synthesized from one glucose molecule during glycolysis?
How many ATP molecules are directly synthesized from one glucose molecule during glycolysis?
What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?
What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?
Which two molecules are produced when fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is split?
Which two molecules are produced when fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is split?
Which step of glycolysis involves substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which step of glycolysis involves substrate-level phosphorylation?
In glycolysis, which molecule directly results from the conversion of 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate?
In glycolysis, which molecule directly results from the conversion of 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate?
How is the energy produced during glycolysis primarily captured?
How is the energy produced during glycolysis primarily captured?
What is the first product formed when pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
What is the first product formed when pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
Which enzyme is responsible for the condensation of the acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid in the TCA cycle?
Which enzyme is responsible for the condensation of the acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid in the TCA cycle?
How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
What role does NAD+ play in the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?
What role does NAD+ play in the reactions catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase?
What is the main outcome of the TCA cycle regarding electron carriers?
What is the main outcome of the TCA cycle regarding electron carriers?
What process occurs in cells when oxygen is not available?
What process occurs in cells when oxygen is not available?
Where does the passing of electrons to molecular oxygen occur during aerobic respiration?
Where does the passing of electrons to molecular oxygen occur during aerobic respiration?
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis?
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis?
What is the fate of glucose during complete combustion?
What is the fate of glucose during complete combustion?
Which of the following statements about aerobic respiration is true?
Which of the following statements about aerobic respiration is true?
How do plants primarily ensure gas exchange during respiration?
How do plants primarily ensure gas exchange during respiration?
What is released as a byproduct during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?
What is released as a byproduct during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?
What allows plant cells to utilize some of the energy released during glucose oxidation?
What allows plant cells to utilize some of the energy released during glucose oxidation?
Which of the following is true regarding plant cells and oxygen during photosynthesis?
Which of the following is true regarding plant cells and oxygen during photosynthesis?
In which part of the plant is the majority of gas exchange facilitated?
In which part of the plant is the majority of gas exchange facilitated?
What term originates from the Greek words meaning 'sugar' and 'splitting'?
What term originates from the Greek words meaning 'sugar' and 'splitting'?
What is the initial product formed when glucose undergoes partial oxidation in glycolysis?
What is the initial product formed when glucose undergoes partial oxidation in glycolysis?
Which enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
Which enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
During glycolysis, which compound is directly converted from glucose-6-phosphate?
During glycolysis, which compound is directly converted from glucose-6-phosphate?
In glycolysis, which process primarily occurs in the cytoplasm of all living organisms?
In glycolysis, which process primarily occurs in the cytoplasm of all living organisms?
What are the end products of glycolysis when glucose is fully metabolized
What are the end products of glycolysis when glucose is fully metabolized
Which substrate is formed from sucrose before entering the glycolytic pathway?
Which substrate is formed from sucrose before entering the glycolytic pathway?
What role does ATP play during the glycolytic pathway?
What role does ATP play during the glycolytic pathway?
How many reactions are involved in the glycolytic pathway to convert glucose to pyruvate?
How many reactions are involved in the glycolytic pathway to convert glucose to pyruvate?
What is produced during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?
What is produced during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?
Which compound is essential for replenishing the citric acid cycle?
Which compound is essential for replenishing the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the production of ATP in the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the production of ATP in the citric acid cycle?
What is the main role of FAD in the citric acid cycle?
What is the main role of FAD in the citric acid cycle?
What molecule is produced from the degradation of citrate during the citric acid cycle?
What molecule is produced from the degradation of citrate during the citric acid cycle?
What type of phosphorylation occurs when GTP is converted to GDP?
What type of phosphorylation occurs when GTP is converted to GDP?
Which two coenzymes must be regenerated for the continued function of the citric acid cycle?
Which two coenzymes must be regenerated for the continued function of the citric acid cycle?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are fully oxidized?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are fully oxidized?
Why is the respiratory pathway considered an amphibolic pathway?
Why is the respiratory pathway considered an amphibolic pathway?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) for fats during respiration?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) for fats during respiration?
What happens to acetyl CoA when the organism synthesizes fatty acids?
What happens to acetyl CoA when the organism synthesizes fatty acids?
What is the relationship between catabolism and anabolism in living organisms according to metabolic processes?
What is the relationship between catabolism and anabolism in living organisms according to metabolic processes?
In terms of respiratory substrates, which has the RQ ratio closest to 0.9?
In terms of respiratory substrates, which has the RQ ratio closest to 0.9?
What is the primary function of the respiratory pathway in relation to metabolic pathways?
What is the primary function of the respiratory pathway in relation to metabolic pathways?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the breakdown of substrates for energy?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the breakdown of substrates for energy?
What is the main pathway for the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?
What is the main pathway for the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?
Under anaerobic conditions, what process occurs to convert pyruvate in many organisms?
Under anaerobic conditions, what process occurs to convert pyruvate in many organisms?
What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration?
What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration?
Which of the following processes generates NADH during cellular respiration?
Which of the following processes generates NADH during cellular respiration?
In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?
In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?
What type of pathway is the respiratory pathway classified as?
What type of pathway is the respiratory pathway classified as?
What happens to acetyl CoA after it is formed from pyruvic acid?
What happens to acetyl CoA after it is formed from pyruvic acid?
What is the primary respiratory substrate favored by living organisms?
What is the primary respiratory substrate favored by living organisms?
What is the significance of chloroplasts in green plants?
What is the significance of chloroplasts in green plants?
Where do non-green parts of plants get their necessary food for oxidation?
Where do non-green parts of plants get their necessary food for oxidation?
What type of nutritional strategy do herbivores primarily use?
What type of nutritional strategy do herbivores primarily use?
Which of the following is a primary product of photosynthesis that plants utilize for respiration?
Which of the following is a primary product of photosynthesis that plants utilize for respiration?
What characterizes saprophytes like fungi in terms of their energy acquisition?
What characterizes saprophytes like fungi in terms of their energy acquisition?
What is the ultimate source of energy for all life processes as stated in the content?
What is the ultimate source of energy for all life processes as stated in the content?
What is the primary end product of glycolysis?
What is the primary end product of glycolysis?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting sucrose into glucose and fructose?
In which part of the plant does photosynthesis mainly occur?
In which part of the plant does photosynthesis mainly occur?
What initial step occurs during the glycolytic pathway after glucose is phosphorylated?
What initial step occurs during the glycolytic pathway after glucose is phosphorylated?
In glycolysis, how many reactions occur to convert glucose into pyruvate?
In glycolysis, how many reactions occur to convert glucose into pyruvate?
Which molecule enters glycolysis readily after the action of invertase?
Which molecule enters glycolysis readily after the action of invertase?
What is produced during the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
What is produced during the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
In the glycolytic pathway, what is the significance of NAD+?
In the glycolytic pathway, what is the significance of NAD+?
What is produced when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized through the electron transport system?
What is produced when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized through the electron transport system?
Which complex is responsible for oxidizing NADH within the mitochondrial inner membrane?
Which complex is responsible for oxidizing NADH within the mitochondrial inner membrane?
During the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of NADH + H+ are synthesized from one glucose molecule?
During the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of NADH + H+ are synthesized from one glucose molecule?
What is the term used to describe the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid?
What is the term used to describe the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid?
Why is oxygen critical in the respiratory process?
Why is oxygen critical in the respiratory process?
What is released as a product during glycolysis?
What is released as a product during glycolysis?
Which process relies exclusively on anaerobic conditions for energy production?
Which process relies exclusively on anaerobic conditions for energy production?
Which component of the electron transport system receives electrons from FADH2?
Which component of the electron transport system receives electrons from FADH2?
Why is oxygen not a limiting factor for photosynthesizing cells in plants?
Why is oxygen not a limiting factor for photosynthesizing cells in plants?
What is the role of ADP in the mitochondrial matrix during respiration?
What is the role of ADP in the mitochondrial matrix during respiration?
How does the structure of parenchyma cells facilitate gas exchange?
How does the structure of parenchyma cells facilitate gas exchange?
Which of the following statements about FADH2 is correct?
Which of the following statements about FADH2 is correct?
What is a characteristic feature of the cells in thick, woody stems and roots of plants?
What is a characteristic feature of the cells in thick, woody stems and roots of plants?
What is the total number of ATP molecules produced from one molecule of glucose via the citric acid cycle and electron transport system?
What is the total number of ATP molecules produced from one molecule of glucose via the citric acid cycle and electron transport system?
What is produced during the complete combustion of glucose?
What is produced during the complete combustion of glucose?
What does the process of respiration utilize during glucose oxidation?
What does the process of respiration utilize during glucose oxidation?
What is the initial stage of cellular respiration called?
What is the initial stage of cellular respiration called?
In aerobic respiration, what happens to pyruvic acid after glycolysis?
In aerobic respiration, what happens to pyruvic acid after glycolysis?
Which of the following is the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Which of the following is the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
What do plants primarily use for gaseous exchange?
What do plants primarily use for gaseous exchange?
What process occurs in the mitochondria after the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA?
What process occurs in the mitochondria after the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA?
Which of the following options best describes fermentation?
Which of the following options best describes fermentation?
Which of the following statements about respiratory substrates is true?
Which of the following statements about respiratory substrates is true?
Which statement accurately describes oxidative phosphorylation?
Which statement accurately describes oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the primary reason for considering the respiratory pathway as amphibolic?
What is the primary reason for considering the respiratory pathway as amphibolic?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) value when carbohydrates are used as a substrate?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) value when carbohydrates are used as a substrate?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the RQ when fats are used in respiration?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the RQ when fats are used in respiration?
When proteins are used as respiratory substrates, what is the approximate RQ value?
When proteins are used as respiratory substrates, what is the approximate RQ value?
What happens to acetyl CoA when the organism needs to synthesize fatty acids?
What happens to acetyl CoA when the organism needs to synthesize fatty acids?
Which equation represents the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration?
Which equation represents the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration?
Why is the respiratory pathway essential during both catabolic and anabolic processes?
Why is the respiratory pathway essential during both catabolic and anabolic processes?
What is the volume ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed when tripalmitin is the substrate for respiration?
What is the volume ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed when tripalmitin is the substrate for respiration?
What is the initial product of glycolysis from glucose?
What is the initial product of glycolysis from glucose?
What is the phosphorylated form of glucose produced by hexokinase?
What is the phosphorylated form of glucose produced by hexokinase?
Which statement accurately describes the pathway of fructose in glycolysis?
Which statement accurately describes the pathway of fructose in glycolysis?
What does glycolysis produce as a direct byproduct during its series of reactions?
What does glycolysis produce as a direct byproduct during its series of reactions?
How many reactions are involved in the glycolytic pathway?
How many reactions are involved in the glycolytic pathway?
Which compound is formed from glucose via the isomerization process in glycolysis?
Which compound is formed from glucose via the isomerization process in glycolysis?
What is the term for the initial step in glycolysis where glucose is phosphorylated?
What is the term for the initial step in glycolysis where glucose is phosphorylated?
What is one of the metabolic fates of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?
What is one of the metabolic fates of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol during alcoholic fermentation?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol during alcoholic fermentation?
What is the primary reason yeast can be poisoned by high alcohol concentrations?
What is the primary reason yeast can be poisoned by high alcohol concentrations?
In what way do lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation differ in their production?
In what way do lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation differ in their production?
What is the net ATP yield from one molecule of glucose during fermentation?
What is the net ATP yield from one molecule of glucose during fermentation?
Which process requires oxygen for complete oxidation of glucose?
Which process requires oxygen for complete oxidation of glucose?
What type of condition does fermentation typically occur in?
What type of condition does fermentation typically occur in?
During lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells, what is pyruvic acid converted into?
During lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells, what is pyruvic acid converted into?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are completely oxidized during respiration?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when carbohydrates are completely oxidized during respiration?
How does the respiratory quotient change when fats are used as a respiratory substrate?
How does the respiratory quotient change when fats are used as a respiratory substrate?
What is the main consequence of the oxidation of glucose in plant cells?
What is the main consequence of the oxidation of glucose in plant cells?
Which statement best describes the role of the respiratory pathway in metabolism?
Which statement best describes the role of the respiratory pathway in metabolism?
Which process allows cells to partially oxidize glucose without oxygen?
Which process allows cells to partially oxidize glucose without oxygen?
What is the expected respiratory quotient (RQ) for proteins used as respiratory substrates?
What is the expected respiratory quotient (RQ) for proteins used as respiratory substrates?
Where in the plant are the living cells primarily located in stems?
Where in the plant are the living cells primarily located in stems?
What term describes the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid?
What term describes the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid?
What does a respiratory quotient of 0.7 indicate about substrate metabolism?
What does a respiratory quotient of 0.7 indicate about substrate metabolism?
During aerobic respiration, what is the relationship between O2 consumption and CO2 production?
During aerobic respiration, what is the relationship between O2 consumption and CO2 production?
What facilitates the gas exchange in most plant cells despite their structure?
What facilitates the gas exchange in most plant cells despite their structure?
What enables ATP synthesis during glucose oxidation?
What enables ATP synthesis during glucose oxidation?
Why is the respiratory pathway considered amphibolic?
Why is the respiratory pathway considered amphibolic?
What kind of organisms can survive without oxygen due to their metabolic adaptations?
What kind of organisms can survive without oxygen due to their metabolic adaptations?
Which product of glucose combustion is primarily released as heat?
Which product of glucose combustion is primarily released as heat?
What is the primary difference in ATP production between fermentation and aerobic respiration?
What is the primary difference in ATP production between fermentation and aerobic respiration?
How do different substrates enter the respiratory pathway for energy production?
How do different substrates enter the respiratory pathway for energy production?
What occurs to NADH during fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
What occurs to NADH during fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
Why are amphibolic pathways important in cellular respiration?
Why are amphibolic pathways important in cellular respiration?
What is the fate of glucose during fermentation?
What is the fate of glucose during fermentation?
What is required for fatty acids to enter the respiratory pathway?
What is required for fatty acids to enter the respiratory pathway?
Why is the respiratory process traditionally considered a catabolic process?
Why is the respiratory process traditionally considered a catabolic process?
At what point do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway during metabolism?
At what point do amino acids enter the respiratory pathway during metabolism?
What is the primary role of oxygen in the process of respiration?
What is the primary role of oxygen in the process of respiration?
What is the function of the F0 component of ATP synthase?
What is the function of the F0 component of ATP synthase?
How many protons must pass through the F0 component to produce one molecule of ATP?
How many protons must pass through the F0 component to produce one molecule of ATP?
What is a significant assumption made when calculating the net gain of ATP from glucose oxidation?
What is a significant assumption made when calculating the net gain of ATP from glucose oxidation?
What type of phosphorylation occurs during the process described in respiration?
What type of phosphorylation occurs during the process described in respiration?
What energy source is utilized for ATP synthesis during respiration compared to photophosphorylation?
What energy source is utilized for ATP synthesis during respiration compared to photophosphorylation?
Which component of ATP synthase contains the site for the synthesis of ATP?
Which component of ATP synthase contains the site for the synthesis of ATP?
During oxidative phosphorylation, what drives ATP synthesis?
During oxidative phosphorylation, what drives ATP synthesis?
Which statement about oxygen availability in plant cells during photosynthesis is accurate?
Which statement about oxygen availability in plant cells during photosynthesis is accurate?
What is the primary purpose of catabolizing glucose in small steps during respiration?
What is the primary purpose of catabolizing glucose in small steps during respiration?
Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen in certain organisms?
Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen in certain organisms?
During glycolysis, what is the primary product formed from the breakdown of glucose?
During glycolysis, what is the primary product formed from the breakdown of glucose?
What is the main reason cells can survive in environments lacking oxygen?
What is the main reason cells can survive in environments lacking oxygen?
What are lenticels in plant stems important for?
What are lenticels in plant stems important for?
How does the loose packing of parenchyma cells benefit plant respiration?
How does the loose packing of parenchyma cells benefit plant respiration?
What is the general outcome of the complete combustion of glucose?
What is the general outcome of the complete combustion of glucose?
What role does oxygen play in the respiration process?
What role does oxygen play in the respiration process?
Which statement describes the function of ATP synthase (complex V)?
Which statement describes the function of ATP synthase (complex V)?
What is the result of protons passing through the F0 complex of ATP synthase?
What is the result of protons passing through the F0 complex of ATP synthase?
Which factor can affect the theoretical net gain of ATP from glucose oxidation?
Which factor can affect the theoretical net gain of ATP from glucose oxidation?
Under what assumption is the calculation of ATP yield primarily based?
Under what assumption is the calculation of ATP yield primarily based?
What mechanism describes the synthesis of ATP linked to the electron transport chain?
What mechanism describes the synthesis of ATP linked to the electron transport chain?
How many protons need to pass through the F0 complex to synthesize one ATP molecule?
How many protons need to pass through the F0 complex to synthesize one ATP molecule?
What is essential for the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation?
What is essential for the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation?
How does the breakdown process of glucose in fermentation compare to that in aerobic respiration?
How does the breakdown process of glucose in fermentation compare to that in aerobic respiration?
What must happen to fatty acids before they can enter the respiratory pathway?
What must happen to fatty acids before they can enter the respiratory pathway?
What is the primary reason respiration is traditionally considered a catabolic process?
What is the primary reason respiration is traditionally considered a catabolic process?
Which statement is true regarding the oxidation of NADH in fermentation versus aerobic respiration?
Which statement is true regarding the oxidation of NADH in fermentation versus aerobic respiration?
At which point in the respiratory pathway do proteins enter after degradation?
At which point in the respiratory pathway do proteins enter after degradation?
What is the main function of glucose in cellular respiration?
What is the main function of glucose in cellular respiration?
Which of the following statements about respiratory substrates is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about respiratory substrates is incorrect?
What does the respiratory quotient (RQ) measure?
What does the respiratory quotient (RQ) measure?
What will the respiratory quotient (RQ) be when carbohydrates are the primary substrate?
What will the respiratory quotient (RQ) be when carbohydrates are the primary substrate?
What characterizes the respiratory pathway in relation to metabolism?
What characterizes the respiratory pathway in relation to metabolism?
What is the RQ value for respiration using the fatty acid tripalmitin?
What is the RQ value for respiration using the fatty acid tripalmitin?
Which of the following statements regarding catabolism and anabolism is true?
Which of the following statements regarding catabolism and anabolism is true?
When fatty acids are synthesized, what happens to acetyl CoA?
When fatty acids are synthesized, what happens to acetyl CoA?
What is the RQ value when proteins are the respiratory substrates?
What is the RQ value when proteins are the respiratory substrates?
Which of the following best describes the process of breaking down fatty acids before entering the respiratory pathway?
Which of the following best describes the process of breaking down fatty acids before entering the respiratory pathway?
Which molecule is essential for the continual oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule is essential for the continual oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?
How many times is NAD+ reduced to NADH + H+ during one complete turn of the citric acid cycle?
How many times is NAD+ reduced to NADH + H+ during one complete turn of the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following compounds is formed as a result of substrate-level phosphorylation during the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following compounds is formed as a result of substrate-level phosphorylation during the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of FAD+ during the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of FAD+ during the citric acid cycle?
What is the first compound formed after citrate is isomerised?
What is the first compound formed after citrate is isomerised?
What compound is regenerated from NADH and FADH2 in the citric acid cycle?
What compound is regenerated from NADH and FADH2 in the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following describes the process occurring when GTP is converted to GDP?
Which of the following describes the process occurring when GTP is converted to GDP?
What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 in the respiratory process?
What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 in the respiratory process?
Which step in the electron transport chain is the first to oxidize NADH?
Which step in the electron transport chain is the first to oxidize NADH?
How does the electron transport system contribute to ATP synthesis?
How does the electron transport system contribute to ATP synthesis?
What is formed as a byproduct of the reaction between electrons and oxygen in the electron transport chain?
What is formed as a byproduct of the reaction between electrons and oxygen in the electron transport chain?
What is the overall stoichiometric equation for the citric acid cycle as it relates to NADH and FADH2 production?
What is the overall stoichiometric equation for the citric acid cycle as it relates to NADH and FADH2 production?
What essential component is required for the electron transport system to function effectively?
What essential component is required for the electron transport system to function effectively?
Which compound is produced in the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the electron transfer process?
Which compound is produced in the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the electron transfer process?
What does the metabolic pathway involving electron transfer between carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane refer to?
What does the metabolic pathway involving electron transfer between carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane refer to?
What is the function of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
What is the function of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
Which complex is directly responsible for transferring electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c?
Which complex is directly responsible for transferring electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c?
How many ATP molecules are synthesized from one molecule of FADH2 during cellular respiration?
How many ATP molecules are synthesized from one molecule of FADH2 during cellular respiration?
What is the overall role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
What is the overall role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary factor that determines the number of ATP molecules synthesized during respiration?
What is the primary factor that determines the number of ATP molecules synthesized during respiration?
Which proteins are contained within the cytochrome c oxidase complex (complex IV)?
Which proteins are contained within the cytochrome c oxidase complex (complex IV)?
During oxidation of NADH, how many molecules of ATP are produced?
During oxidation of NADH, how many molecules of ATP are produced?
What is the first product formed when glucose is phosphorylated in the glycolytic pathway?
What is the first product formed when glucose is phosphorylated in the glycolytic pathway?
During glycolysis, which metabolic intermediate is formed directly from glucose-6-phosphate?
During glycolysis, which metabolic intermediate is formed directly from glucose-6-phosphate?
What is the end product of glycolysis when glucose is partially oxidized?
What is the end product of glycolysis when glucose is partially oxidized?
What do glucose and fructose yield after undergoing subsequent steps of metabolism in glycolysis?
What do glucose and fructose yield after undergoing subsequent steps of metabolism in glycolysis?
What characterizes the EMP pathway in anaerobic organisms?
What characterizes the EMP pathway in anaerobic organisms?
Which of the following steps in glycolysis involves a change in the carbon structure of glucose?
Which of the following steps in glycolysis involves a change in the carbon structure of glucose?
Why is glycolysis an essential process in all living organisms?
Why is glycolysis an essential process in all living organisms?
What is the primary factor that determines the metabolic fate of pyruvate?
What is the primary factor that determines the metabolic fate of pyruvate?
What is produced from the fermentation of glucose by yeast?
What is produced from the fermentation of glucose by yeast?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid in animal muscles?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid in animal muscles?
What is the net gain of ATP from glucose during fermentation processes?
What is the net gain of ATP from glucose during fermentation processes?
In which cellular condition does fermentation typically take place?
In which cellular condition does fermentation typically take place?
What is the consequence of high alcohol concentration during yeast fermentation?
What is the consequence of high alcohol concentration during yeast fermentation?
What is the major pathway for complete oxidation of glucose in eukaryotic cells?
What is the major pathway for complete oxidation of glucose in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of fermentation?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of fermentation?
What is glycolysis primarily responsible for in the process of cellular respiration?
What is glycolysis primarily responsible for in the process of cellular respiration?
What products are formed from the complete combustion of glucose?
What products are formed from the complete combustion of glucose?
In certain conditions, some cells can survive without oxygen. What are these cells called?
In certain conditions, some cells can survive without oxygen. What are these cells called?
What is one of the primary reasons why plant cells can effectively manage gas exchange?
What is one of the primary reasons why plant cells can effectively manage gas exchange?
What is the first step in the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?
What is the first step in the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?
What is produced as a result of glycolysis besides pyruvic acid?
What is produced as a result of glycolysis besides pyruvic acid?
What will the respiratory quotient (RQ) be when fats are used as a substrate?
What will the respiratory quotient (RQ) be when fats are used as a substrate?
Why is it efficient for cells to oxidize glucose in several small steps?
Why is it efficient for cells to oxidize glucose in several small steps?
During the synthesis of fatty acids, what happens to acetyl CoA?
During the synthesis of fatty acids, what happens to acetyl CoA?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) for proteins when they are used as substrates?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) for proteins when they are used as substrates?
In the context of catabolism and anabolism, which term refers to the breakdown processes within a living organism?
In the context of catabolism and anabolism, which term refers to the breakdown processes within a living organism?
What ratio describes the relationship between the volume of CO2 evolved and the volume of O2 consumed during respiration?
What ratio describes the relationship between the volume of CO2 evolved and the volume of O2 consumed during respiration?
What is one key feature of the respiratory pathway regarding its involvement in metabolism?
What is one key feature of the respiratory pathway regarding its involvement in metabolism?
What is the primary substrate for cellular respiration in most living organisms?
What is the primary substrate for cellular respiration in most living organisms?
Which process occurs in the cytoplasm during cellular respiration?
Which process occurs in the cytoplasm during cellular respiration?
Which electron carrier accepts electrons in the electron transport system?
Which electron carrier accepts electrons in the electron transport system?
Which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?
Which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?
In what process is ATP synthesized through the action of electron carriers?
In what process is ATP synthesized through the action of electron carriers?
What distinguishes aerobic respiration from fermentation?
What distinguishes aerobic respiration from fermentation?
What is the function of NADH + H+ in cellular respiration?
What is the function of NADH + H+ in cellular respiration?
Flashcards
Ubiquinol oxidation
Ubiquinol oxidation
Ubiquinol is oxidized, transferring electrons to cytochrome bc1 complex.
Cytochrome c function
Cytochrome c function
Small protein, moves electrons between complex III and IV.
Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)
Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)
Contains cytochromes a and a3, and copper centers, final electron acceptor.
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Electron transport chain (ETC)
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ATP synthase (complex V)
ATP synthase (complex V)
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NADH and ATP
NADH and ATP
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FADH2 and ATP
FADH2 and ATP
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Oxygen's Role in Respiration
Oxygen's Role in Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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ATP
ATP
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Respiratory Substrates
Respiratory Substrates
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Oxidation in Respiration
Oxidation in Respiration
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Energy Release in Respiration
Energy Release in Respiration
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Plant Respiration
Plant Respiration
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Plant Gas Exchange
Plant Gas Exchange
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Why Plants Don't Need Respiratory Organs
Why Plants Don't Need Respiratory Organs
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What is glycolysis?
What is glycolysis?
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What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?
What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?
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What is lactic acid fermentation?
What is lactic acid fermentation?
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What is alcoholic fermentation?
What is alcoholic fermentation?
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What is the energy yield of fermentation?
What is the energy yield of fermentation?
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What is aerobic respiration?
What is aerobic respiration?
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What is the role of NADH+H+ in fermentation?
What is the role of NADH+H+ in fermentation?
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What is the net ATP yield of fermentation?
What is the net ATP yield of fermentation?
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
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Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
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ATP Yield Comparison
ATP Yield Comparison
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Amphibolic Pathway
Amphibolic Pathway
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Glucose as a Substrate
Glucose as a Substrate
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Alternative Substrates
Alternative Substrates
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Fat Breakdown
Fat Breakdown
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Protein Breakdown
Protein Breakdown
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Citric Acid Cycle: Key Players
Citric Acid Cycle: Key Players
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CAC: Decarboxylation
CAC: Decarboxylation
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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CAC: Redox Reactions
CAC: Redox Reactions
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CAC: OAA Replenishment
CAC: OAA Replenishment
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CAC: NAD+ and FAD+ Regeneration
CAC: NAD+ and FAD+ Regeneration
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Isocitrate Isomerization
Isocitrate Isomerization
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α-ketoglutaric Acid
α-ketoglutaric Acid
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What is cellular respiration?
What is cellular respiration?
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What are respiratory substrates?
What are respiratory substrates?
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What is the Krebs cycle?
What is the Krebs cycle?
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What is the electron transport chain?
What is the electron transport chain?
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain
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ATP Production from NADH & FADH2
ATP Production from NADH & FADH2
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Why do living organisms breathe?
Why do living organisms breathe?
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What is the source of energy for life?
What is the source of energy for life?
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Do all plants respire?
Do all plants respire?
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What is the role of photosynthesis in respiration?
What is the role of photosynthesis in respiration?
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What is respiration?
What is respiration?
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What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
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What happens to food during respiration?
What happens to food during respiration?
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Why is respiration important?
Why is respiration important?
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Glycolysis: ATP Usage
Glycolysis: ATP Usage
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Glycolysis: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate
Glycolysis: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate
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Glycolysis: NADH Production
Glycolysis: NADH Production
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Glycolysis: ATP Synthesis
Glycolysis: ATP Synthesis
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Glycolysis: Key Product
Glycolysis: Key Product
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Glycolysis: Energy Yield
Glycolysis: Energy Yield
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What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?
What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
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RQ for Carbohydrates
RQ for Carbohydrates
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RQ for Fats
RQ for Fats
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RQ for Proteins
RQ for Proteins
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Catabolism
Catabolism
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Anabolism
Anabolism
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Interrelationship of Metabolic Pathways
Interrelationship of Metabolic Pathways
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Why Plants Don't Need Special Respiratory Organs
Why Plants Don't Need Special Respiratory Organs
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How Does O2 Availability Affect Plant Respiration?
How Does O2 Availability Affect Plant Respiration?
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Why Do Cells Break Down Glucose Step-by-Step?
Why Do Cells Break Down Glucose Step-by-Step?
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What Happens to Pyruvate Without Oxygen?
What Happens to Pyruvate Without Oxygen?
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How Does Aerobic Respiration Differ from Anaerobic Respiration?
How Does Aerobic Respiration Differ from Anaerobic Respiration?
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What are the Key Differences Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation?
What are the Key Differences Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation?
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Why do organisms breathe?
Why do organisms breathe?
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Where does energy for life come from?
Where does energy for life come from?
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Plant Respiration: Oxygen?
Plant Respiration: Oxygen?
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Why Step-by-Step Glucose Breakdown?
Why Step-by-Step Glucose Breakdown?
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Pyruvate's Fate Without Oxygen
Pyruvate's Fate Without Oxygen
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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic: The Difference
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic: The Difference
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Lactic Acid vs. Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid vs. Alcoholic Fermentation
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Energy Source for Life?
Energy Source for Life?
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Pyruvate's Journey
Pyruvate's Journey
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Oxidative Decarboxylation
Oxidative Decarboxylation
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ATP Production
ATP Production
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Why are alternative substrates used?
Why are alternative substrates used?
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What is the role of fats in respiration?
What is the role of fats in respiration?
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How are proteins used for respiration?
How are proteins used for respiration?
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Is respiration truly catabolic?
Is respiration truly catabolic?
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How is glucose used for respiration?
How is glucose used for respiration?
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What is fermentation?
What is fermentation?
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What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?
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ATP: Energy Currency
ATP: Energy Currency
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Pyruvate's Fate
Pyruvate's Fate
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Fermentation
Fermentation
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Glycolysis: Starting Point
Glycolysis: Starting Point
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Pyruvate's Fate: With Oxygen
Pyruvate's Fate: With Oxygen
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RQ Values: Different Substrates
RQ Values: Different Substrates
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Mitochondrial Role
Mitochondrial Role
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Decarboxylation in Citric Acid Cycle
Decarboxylation in Citric Acid Cycle
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NAD+ and FAD+ Regeneration
NAD+ and FAD+ Regeneration
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Replenishing Oxaloacetic Acid
Replenishing Oxaloacetic Acid
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How does NAD+ relate to NADH?
How does NAD+ relate to NADH?
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Succinyl-CoA Formation
Succinyl-CoA Formation
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Fats in Respiration
Fats in Respiration
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Proteins in Respiration
Proteins in Respiration
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Plant Respiration: O2?
Plant Respiration: O2?
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Glycolysis: Location
Glycolysis: Location
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Glycolysis: Role
Glycolysis: Role
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Fermentation: Purpose
Fermentation: Purpose
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Fermentation: Energy Yield
Fermentation: Energy Yield
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Pyruvate's Fate in Aerobic Respiration
Pyruvate's Fate in Aerobic Respiration
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Alternative Respiratory Substrates
Alternative Respiratory Substrates
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Why is Respiration Considered Amphibolic?
Why is Respiration Considered Amphibolic?
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What are alternative substrates?
What are alternative substrates?
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What is ATP: Energy Currency?
What is ATP: Energy Currency?
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Decarboxylation in the Citric Acid Cycle
Decarboxylation in the Citric Acid Cycle
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Redox Reactions in the Citric Acid Cycle
Redox Reactions in the Citric Acid Cycle
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OAA Replenishment
OAA Replenishment
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Succinyl-CoA Oxidation
Succinyl-CoA Oxidation
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Electron Transport System (ETS)
Electron Transport System (ETS)
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What is the role of oxygen in respiration?
What is the role of oxygen in respiration?
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How do the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 contribute to ATP production?
How do the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 contribute to ATP production?
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What is the difference between ATP production from NADH and FADH2?
What is the difference between ATP production from NADH and FADH2?
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What is the energy yield of the electron transport chain?
What is the energy yield of the electron transport chain?
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Why is the electron transport chain coupled to ATP synthesis?
Why is the electron transport chain coupled to ATP synthesis?
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What is the importance of the electron transport chain in respiration?
What is the importance of the electron transport chain in respiration?
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Respiration
Respiration
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
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Glycolysis: What is it?
Glycolysis: What is it?
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Pyruvate: What Happens Next?
Pyruvate: What Happens Next?
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What other molecules, besides glucose, can be used in respiration?
What other molecules, besides glucose, can be used in respiration?
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Pyruvate
Pyruvate
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
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Energy Yield of Fermentation
Energy Yield of Fermentation
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Net ATP Yield of Fermentation
Net ATP Yield of Fermentation
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Maximum Alcohol Concentration
Maximum Alcohol Concentration
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ATP Synthase
ATP Synthase
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Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
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Glucose's Role
Glucose's Role
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Ubiquinone
Ubiquinone
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Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c
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NADH Dehydrogenase (Complex I)
NADH Dehydrogenase (Complex I)
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Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV)
Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV)
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FADH2 Dehydrogenase (Complex II)
FADH2 Dehydrogenase (Complex II)
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Why is oxygen not a problem for plants during photosynthesis?
Why is oxygen not a problem for plants during photosynthesis?
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How does glucose breakdown differ in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
How does glucose breakdown differ in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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What is the purpose of fermentation?
What is the purpose of fermentation?
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What is the importance of ATP?
What is the importance of ATP?
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How are fats used as a respiratory substrate?
How are fats used as a respiratory substrate?
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Why are alternative substrates used for respiration?
Why are alternative substrates used for respiration?
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Citric Acid Cycle: Purpose
Citric Acid Cycle: Purpose
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What is Isomerization?
What is Isomerization?
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What is Decarboxylation?
What is Decarboxylation?
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Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA): Replenishment
Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA): Replenishment
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Regeneration of NAD+ and FAD+
Regeneration of NAD+ and FAD+
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α-ketoglutaric Acid: A Key Intermediate
α-ketoglutaric Acid: A Key Intermediate
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Respiratory Balance Sheet
Respiratory Balance Sheet
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Why is oxygen essential for respiration?
Why is oxygen essential for respiration?
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What is the role of the proton gradient in ATP synthesis?
What is the role of the proton gradient in ATP synthesis?
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How does the ETC generate energy?
How does the ETC generate energy?
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Why do cells break down glucose in a step-by-step process?
Why do cells break down glucose in a step-by-step process?
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What happens to pyruvate when there's no oxygen?
What happens to pyruvate when there's no oxygen?
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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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What are the main differences between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation?
What are the main differences between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation?
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What is ATP's role in the cell?
What is ATP's role in the cell?
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What happens to proteins during respiration?
What happens to proteins during respiration?
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Cytochrome c: Electron Shuttle
Cytochrome c: Electron Shuttle
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Complex IV: Final Electron Acceptor
Complex IV: Final Electron Acceptor
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ATP Synthase (Complex V): Energy Production
ATP Synthase (Complex V): Energy Production
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NADH Yield in Electron Transport Chain
NADH Yield in Electron Transport Chain
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FADH2 Yield in Electron Transport Chain
FADH2 Yield in Electron Transport Chain
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Electron Transport Chain: Linking Energy
Electron Transport Chain: Linking Energy
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Why do plants not need respiratory organs?
Why do plants not need respiratory organs?
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Why break down glucose step-by-step in respiration?
Why break down glucose step-by-step in respiration?
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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration: The difference
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration: The difference
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Lactic Acid vs Alcoholic Fermentation: Key difference
Lactic Acid vs Alcoholic Fermentation: Key difference
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What is the energy source for life?
What is the energy source for life?
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Glycolysis: Where?
Glycolysis: Where?
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Glycolysis: What's broken down?
Glycolysis: What's broken down?
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Glycolysis: What's produced?
Glycolysis: What's produced?
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What is ATP?
What is ATP?
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What is NADH?
What is NADH?
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Why is fermentation hazardous to organisms?
Why is fermentation hazardous to organisms?
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What is the maximum alcohol concentration in naturally fermented beverages?
What is the maximum alcohol concentration in naturally fermented beverages?
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Study Notes
Respiration in Plants
- Plants, like all living things, require energy for daily activities.
- Energy comes from oxidizing food.
- Photosynthesis is how green plants/cyanobacteria produce their own food.
- Plants don't have to "eat" food like animals—they convert light into chemical energy.
- This chemical energy is stored in the bonds of carbohydrates like sugars (glucose, sucrose, starch).
- These molecules provide energy through respiration.
Breathing in Plants
- All plant parts don't necessarily need the same amount of gas exchange.
- Gas exchange happens in leaves, stems, and roots.
- Stomata and lenticels allow gas exchange.
- Plants don't have respiratory systems like animals—gas exchange occurs by diffusion.
- Plants don't need as much gas exchange as animals—each plant part handles its own needs.
- During photosynthesis, Oâ‚‚ need is less of a concern.
Glycolysis
- The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.
- Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells.
- Partial oxidation—releases some energy in a stepwise process.
- Creates two ATP molecules per glucose.
- Creates NADH which store energy.
Fermentation
- Anaerobic process—occurs when oxygen is unavailable.
- Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen.
- Produces lactic acid (animals) or ethanol/COâ‚‚ (yeast/bacteria)
- Very little energy is released compared to aerobic respiration.
- Important biochemical pathway for life.
Krebs Cycle
- Also known as the citric acid cycle.
- Occurs within mitochondria matrix.
- Pyruvate from glycolysis enters and is converted to acetyl CoA.
- Continues the breakdown of glucose and releases CO2.
- Further extracts energy, storing it as NADH and FADH2.
Electron Transport System (ETS)
- A series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
- Takes electrons from NADH and FADH2, passing them along the chain.
- Energy released pumps protons (H+) across the inner membrane.
- The proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
- Produces a large number of ATP molecules.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
- Ratio of COâ‚‚ released to Oâ‚‚ consumed during respiration.
- Varies depending on the respiratory substrate.
- Carbohydrates: RQ = 1
- Fats: RQ < 1
- Proteins: RQ ~ 0.9
Amphibolic Pathway
- Respiratory pathway isn't solely catabolic (breakdown).
- It also contributes to anabolic processes (biosynthesis of other molecules).
- Molecules generated during respiration can be repurposed in various metabolic functions.
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