Questions and Answers
What is gravitropism in plants?
What triggers the dormancy process in many plants?
What happens to plants during winter dormancy?
What temperature do most plant seeds prefer to begin growth?
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Which condition can break the dormancy of some seeds?
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What is the role of the ovule in plant reproduction?
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Which of the following is an example of asexual reproduction in plants?
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How do stomata function in plants?
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What is phototropism in plants?
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What happens to the stomata when a plant is wilting?
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Which structure in plants is known for nutrient storage and can develop into a new plant?
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What is a stimulus in the context of plant responses?
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What do runners in plants do?
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What is the primary outcome of meiosis in plant sporophytes?
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How do female gametophytes contribute to reproduction?
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What role does water play in the reproduction of seedless plants?
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In seed plants, where does the female gametophyte develop?
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What structure is responsible for producing pollen in flowering plants?
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What happens when pollen lands on the stigma of a pistil?
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Which of the following best describes the gametophyte generation in plants?
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What are the thin, brown stems topped by small brown capsules in mosses?
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What process do plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy?
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Which organelles are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
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What is the main sugar produced during photosynthesis?
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What do chlorophyll pigments primarily do?
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What gas is released as a byproduct during photosynthesis?
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What phase produces spores in the plant life cycle?
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Which process occurs in mitochondria to release energy from sugar?
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Which molecules are reactants in the process of cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
How Plants Obtain and Use Energy
- Plants acquire energy from sunlight via photosynthesis, transforming light energy into chemical energy stored as sugar.
- The process occurs in chloroplasts, unique organelles in plant cells surrounded by two membranes.
- Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs various wavelengths of light, primarily reflecting green, which gives plants their color.
- Photosynthesis converts six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water into one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen.
Mitochondria and Energy Release
- Extra glucose produced in plants is stored as starch or converted into other sugars like fructose or sucrose.
- Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria, where oxygen is used to release energy from sugar, converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water.
Phases of a Plant’s Life Cycle
- Plants alternate between two phases: the sporophyte phase and the gametophyte phase.
- Sporophytes produce spores via meiosis, which grow into gametophytes under suitable conditions.
- Female gametophytes create eggs, while male gametophytes produce sperm; fertilization leads to the formation of an embryo and ultimately a seed.
Reproduction in Seedless Plants
- Seedless plants reproduce via gametophytes that release sperm in water, which swim to fertilize eggs.
- The visible part of moss represents the gametophyte phase, while the sporophyte phase is represented by thin brown stems topped with capsules.
Reproduction in Seed Plants
- In seed plants, the sporophyte creates male and female spores that develop into microscopic male (pollen) and female gametophytes.
- Pollen transfers to the female reproductive structure (ovule), where fertilization occurs, leading to seed development.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Sexual reproduction in flowering plants takes place in flowers composed of sepals and petals that attract pollinators.
- Stamens produce pollen, while the pistil contains ovules. Pollination occurs as pollen travels to and fertilizes eggs within the ovary, forming seeds.
- The ovary transforms into fruit, which protects seeds and aids in dispersal.
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
- Plants can reproduce asexually without seeds or spores, using parts such as stems or roots.
- Methods include plantlets (tiny plants on leaf edges), tubers (nutrient-storing underground stems), and runners (above-ground stems, like those seen in strawberries).
Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli
- Plants respond to internal (water levels) and external (light) stimuli using stomata for gas exchange, managed by guard cells.
- Wilting occurs when water loss exceeds absorption; stomata close to conserve moisture.
- Tropism is plant growth in response to stimuli, driven by hormones that promote directional growth:
- Phototropism (response to light) causes bending toward light.
- Gravitropism (response to gravity) leads stems to grow upward and roots downward.
Dormancy in Plants
- Seasonal changes trigger dormancy in plants, where growth ceases under unfavorable conditions to conserve energy.
- Dormant plants utilize stored sugars until favorable conditions return, often in spring, driven by temperature and moisture cues.
- Some seeds require extreme conditions, like forest fires, to break dormancy and initiate growth.
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Description
Explore how plants obtain and use energy through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. This quiz covers chloroplast functions, the production and storage of glucose, and the phases of a plant's life cycle. Test your understanding of these essential biological processes!
