Respiration and the Respiratory Tract
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Respiration and the Respiratory Tract

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of external respiration?

  • Energy production in cells.
  • Movement of gases within the body.
  • Movement of gases between the environment and the body’s cells. (correct)
  • Intracellular reactions of glucose.

    • The larynx is responsible for filtering air from large particles.

    False

    What is produced during cellular respiration?

    Energy (ATP), CO2, and water.

    The process that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood is called _____

    <p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the respiratory tract with their functions:

    <p>Trachea = Air passage with cartilage rings Mouth = Alternative air intake Nasal Cavity = Filters air from large particles Alveoli = Gas exchange site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the conducting zone of the airways?

    <p>It leads inspired air to the gas-exchanging regions of the lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary bronchi are completely flexible tubes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the four processes involved in external respiration.

    <p>Ventilation, gas exchange, transport, and gas exchange between blood and cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ are connective tissue bands in the larynx that create sound.

    <p>vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the conducting airways?

    <p>Prepare air for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory zone is responsible for the majority of gas exchanges in the lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate volume of the conducting airways?

    <p>150ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The last 7 airway divisions are part of the __________ zone.

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions of the airways with their descriptions:

    <p>Air Warming = Air is warmed to 37’C to avoid alveolar damage. Air Filtering = Removes particles and pathogens from the air. Air Moistening = Brings air to 100% humidity through mucosal evaporation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when air reaches the terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Air velocity falls rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conducting airways are involved in gas exchange.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of air flow in the respiratory zone?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhaled medium-sized dust particles (1-5μm) often settle out in the __________ bronchioles.

    <p>terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Weibel model, how many airway divisions compose the conducting zone?

    <p>16 divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mucus layer in the respiratory system?

    <p>To trap medium-sized particles and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cilia in the trachea and bronchi help to move mucus towards the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the small air sacs in the lungs that facilitate gas exchange called?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two systems that comprise the blood-gas barrier are the __________________ and the circulatory system.

    <p>respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell types with their functions:

    <p>Cilia = Assist in the movement of mucus Goblet cells = Secrete mucus Macrophages = Engulf particles Immunoglobulins = Disable pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stomach acid play after mucus is swallowed?

    <p>It destroys remaining microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveoli have cilia to help in trapping foreign particles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called where cilia move mucus towards the pharynx?

    <p>Mucociliary escalator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary environmental threats to the alveoli are viruses, bacteria, and __________________ particles.

    <p>inorganic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alveoli?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiration

    • Respiration is divided into cellular and external respiration
    • Cellular respiration is the intracellular reaction of oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy (ATP)
    • External respiration involves four processes: ventilation/breathing (air exchange between atmosphere and lungs), gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood), transport (oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in blood), and gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells)

    The Respiratory Tract

    • The respiratory tract is divided into upper and lower parts
    • The upper respiratory tract includes the mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
      • Mouth: allows air to enter the system
      • Nasal cavity: filters air from large particles
      • Pharynx: common passageway for food, liquid and air
      • Larynx: contains vocal cords that vibrate to create sound as air passes through

    The Lower Respiratory Tract

    • Includes trachea, primary bronchi, branches of bronchi, and lungs
      • Trachea: semi-flexible tube made of 15-20 C-shaped cartilage rings
      • Primary bronchi (x2): semi-rigid tubes supported by cartilage
      • Branches of bronchi: further divisions within the lungs
      • Lungs: the primary organs for gas exchange

    Airways

    • Airways narrow, shorten and become more numerous as they get deeper into the lungs
    • Divided into two zones: conducting and respiratory zones
      • Conducting zone: leads inspired air to the gas-exchanging regions of the lung. These lack alveoli and do not participate in gas exchange. The trachea branches into right and left main bronchi, which then divide into lobar, then segmental, then terminal bronchioles. The anatomic dead space is approximately 150 ml.
      • Respiratory zone: region of the lung where gas exchange occurs. It begins with terminal bronchioles, which branch into respiratory bronchioles that have alveoli budding from their walls. Respiratory bronchioles continue into alveolar ducts (lined with alveoli) and then alveolar sacs. The respiratory zone makes up most of the lung (volume ~2.5-3L during rest)

    Function of Airways

    • Passage for air to reach alveoli
    • Air conditioning: warming, moistening and filtering incoming air (involves 3 steps):
      • Air warming: warms air to body temperature (37°C)
      • Air moistening: reaches 100% humidity from water evaporation from the mucosal lining
      • Air filtration: removes foreign particles (viruses, bacteria, and inorganic particles) using cilia and mucus

    Alveoli

    • Small air sacs covered with capillaries that form the blood-gas barrier
    • Each alveolus is made up of a single layer of epithelium with two cell types:
      • Type I alveolar cells: very thin cells for gas diffusion (95% of alveolar surface area)
      • Type II alveolar cells: secrete surfactant (5% of alveolar surface area) to reduce surface tension and prevent lung collapse
    • The thin blood-gas barrier allows for efficient gas exchange

    Pulmonary Circulation

    • Low-oxygen blood passes from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, then divides into capillaries at the blood-gas barrier
    • Capillaries join to form the pulmonary vein which returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium
    • The capillary network in alveoli walls is dense and efficient for gas exchange (RBCs spend ~0.75 seconds)
    • Pulmonary blood pressure is low (about 15 mmHg) due to short length and low resistance of vessels
    • The blood-gas barrier is very thin (0.3 µm) and has high surface area
      • It consists of layers: surfactant, epithelial cell, interstitial space, endothelial cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane

    Functions of the Respiratory System

    • Gas exchange
    • Regulation of body pH
    • Thermoregulation
    • Protection from inhaled pathogens
    • Filtration of blood (small blood thrombi)
    • Metabolism (e.g. of Angiotensin)
    • Blood reservoir
    • Olfaction
    • Speech production

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of respiration, including both cellular and external processes. It also delves into the structure and function of the upper and lower respiratory tract, outlining the major components involved in breathing and gas exchange. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts!

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