Resource Acquisition in Vascular Plants
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Questions and Answers

What are the three main routes of transport in xylem?

  • The symplastic route, the apoplastic route, and the vascular route.
  • The xylem route, the phloem route, and the vascular route.
  • The translocation route, the active transport route, and the passive transport route.
  • The symplastic route, the apoplastic route, and the transmembrane route. (correct)

The ______ is the living part of the cell, including the plasma membrane.

Protoplast

What are the three main types of soil?

  • Silt, loam, and clay
  • Loam, sand, and clay
  • Silt, sand, and loam
  • Silt, sand, and clay (correct)

Rhizobium bacteria form bacteroids, which are contained inside the vascular bundles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Casparian Strip?

<p>The Casparian Strip blocks apoplastic flow of water and dissolved minerals into the stele of the vascular cylinder, forcing water through the symplastic route of the root cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transpiration is the diffusion of water vapor out of leaves through the stomata.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptation do xerophytes have? (Select all that apply)

<p>Thick cuticle and multilayered epidermis. (A), Fleshy stems for water storage. (B), Leaves reduced to spines or dropped for part of the year. (C), Stomata recessed in crypts lined with trichomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between sugar sources and sugar sinks in translocation.

<p>A sugar source is an organ that produces more sugar than it consumes, such as mature leaves. A sugar sink is an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as growing roots, fruits, or leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Auxin promotes cell elongation and is involved in fruit production in tomatoes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main effects of ethylene, a plant hormone? (Select all that apply)

<p>Fruit ripening (A), Leaf abscission. (B), Senescence. (C), Response to mechanical stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphological adaptation of plants growing in darkness is collectively called ______.

<p>Etiolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cryptochromes are involved in the blue-light-induced inhibition of stem elongation during seedling emergence.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between a short-day plant and a long-day plant.

<p>Short-day plants flower when the light period is shorter than a critical length, while long-day plants flower when the light period is longer than a critical length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with thigmomorphogenesis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Changes in form that result from mechanical disturbance. (A), Directional growth in response to touch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of abiotic stresses that plants experience?

<p>Some examples of abiotic stresses include heat stress, flooding, salt stress, drought, and cold stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

PAMP-triggered immunity occurs when the plant recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the hypersensitive response in plant defense against pathogens?

<p>A localized cell death near the infection site. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of population ecology?

<p>Population ecology examines how factors affecting population size and change over time, such as birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a foundation species?

<p>A species that significantly alters the physical structure of the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interspecific interactions only occur between individuals of the same species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of competitive exclusion.

<p>Competitive exclusion occurs when two species compete for the same limited resource, resulting in the exclusion or decline of one species. The species that uses the resource more efficiently will ultimately outcompete the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A realized niche is the niche that a species actually occupies due to competition.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of mimicry? (Select all that apply)

<p>A harmless species resembling a harmful species. (B), Two harmful species resembling each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A keystone species is a species that is abundant and controls the structure of the community.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a foundation species? (Select all that apply)

<p>Prairie grasses. (A), Beavers. (B), Corals. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Top-down regulation occurs when a predator controls the population of prey species, affecting the entire food web.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of gross primary production.

<p>Gross primary production (GPP) is the total amount of energy converted to chemical energy in organic molecules by autotrophs per unit time. It represents the total energy captured by photosynthesis before any losses to respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen and phosphorus are common limiting nutrients in marine ecosystems.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A biomass pyramid represents the total dry mass of all organisms in each trophic level.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of bioremediation?

<p>Bioremediation involves the use of living organisms, such as bacteria or plants, to clean up environmental pollutants and contaminants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overharvesting of species can lead to a decline in biodiversity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by an extinction vortex?

<p>An extinction vortex is a process that leads to the decline and eventual extinction of a small population due to factors such as inbreeding, genetic drift, and the loss of genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Climate change is entirely caused by human activities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of sustainable development?

<p>Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, taking into account environmental, social, and economic considerations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Symplast

The interconnected network of cytoplasm in a plant, including plasmodesmata.

Apoplast

The non-living portion of plant tissue, outside of the plasma membrane, including cell walls and extracellular spaces.

Transmembrane Route

Water and minerals move across cell membranes and cell walls to enter the xylem.

Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane without requiring energy.

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Water Potential

The tendency for water to move from one area to another.

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Solute Potential

The potential of water to move due to the concentration of solutes.

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Pressure Potential

The potential of water to move due to physical pressure.

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Turgor Pressure

Pressure exerted by the protoplast against the cell wall, keeping the plant firm.

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Bulk Flow

The movement of a liquid in response to a pressure gradient.

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Macronutrients

Essential nutrients required in large quantities by plants.

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Micronutrients

Essential nutrients required in trace amounts by plants.

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Loam

Ideal soil composition with a balance of sand, silt, and clay.

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Rhizobacteria

Bacteria living in association with plant roots.

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Mycorrhizal Fungi

Fungi forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots.

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Epiphyte

A plant growing on another plant for support, not parasitic.

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Parasitic Plant

A plant that obtains nutrients from another living plant.

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Casparian Strip

A waxy layer in the root that prevents water from entering the vascular tissue through the cell walls.

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Transpiration

The loss of water vapor from plant leaves.

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Xerophyte

A plant adapted to arid climates.

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CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)

A photosynthetic pathway where plants open stomata at night to absorb carbon dioxide.

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Translocation

The movement of sugars through the phloem.

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Sugar Source

An organ that produces sugars, like mature leaves.

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Sugar Sink

An organ that stores or consumes sugars, like roots or fruits.

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Phototropism

The growth of a plant towards a light source.

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Auxin

A plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and growth.

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Cytokinin

A plant hormone that promotes cell division and growth.

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Gibberellin

A plant hormone that promotes stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination.

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Abscisic Acid (ABA)

A plant hormone that plays a role in stress responses.

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Ethylene

A plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening and other responses.

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Photomorphogenesis

Developmental responses of a plant to light.

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Etiolation

Plant growth in darkness.

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De-etiolation

Plant growth in light.

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Phytochrome

A light-sensitive plant pigment that regulates various responses.

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Study Notes

Resource Acquisition by Vascular Plants

  • Photosynthesis and natural selection have led to varied adaptations in plant shoots.
  • Transport occurs through the roots via two pathways:
    • Symplast: cytosol and plasmodesmata connecting cells
    • Apoplast: everything outside the plasma membrane, including cell walls.
  • Three transport routes exist in the xylem:
    • Symplastic route: one membrane and cell-to-cell through cytosol and plasmodesmata.
    • Apoplastic route: through cell walls and extracellular spaces.
    • Transmembrane route: in and out of adjacent cells, across cell walls and membranes.
  • Movement in plants involves selective permeability, active, and passive transport.
    • Active transport in phloem uses proton gradients.
    • Passive transport in xylem is mediated by osmosis.
    • Water potential (Ψ) predicts water flow.
      • Ψ is 0 MPa at sea level and 25°C.
      • Unit of pressure is measured in megapascals.
      • Solute potential is osmotic potential, linked to molarity.
      • Pressure potential is physical pressure on a system.
    • Pressure potential and turgor pressure determine water movement.
  • Turgor loss leads to wilting.
  • Long-distance transport (bulk flow) occurs in tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve-tube elements.
    • Tracheids and vessel elements are dead.
    • Sieve-tube elements are alive.

Nutrition in Plants

  • Plants require macronutrients and micronutrients.
  • Macronutrients include C, H, N, O, P, S, Ca, K, Mg.
  • Micronutrients include Cl, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo.
  • Soils consist of minerals, air, water, and organic matter.
  • Loams (mixture of silt, sand, and clay) are ideal soils.
  • Nitrogen fixation is crucial for plant growth.
    • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N2 gas to ammonia.
    • Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate.
  • Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake in plants.
    • Ectomycorrhizae: form a mantle around roots.
    • Arbuscular mycorrhizae: hyphae extend into the root cortex.

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

  • Plants respond to internal and external cues like light, temperature, touch, etc.
  • Tropisms are directional growth responses in plants.
  • Phototropism in response to light.
  • Plant hormones (e.g., auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene) regulate growth, development, and responses to environmental signals.
  • Different plant hormones play various roles in plant responses, such as stem elongation, fruit growth.
  • Senescence is programmed plant cell death.

Photomorphogenesis and Other Plant Responses

  • Photomorphogenesis adapts growth to light.
  • Plants detect light direction, intensity, and wavelength.
  • Light signaling primarily uses phytochromes and cryptochromes.
  • Plant hormones mediate many responses to light, like seed germination, and shade avoidance.
  • Environmental factors play a vital role in plant growth through mechanical stimuli (thigmomorphogenesis), various stresses like heat, cold, flooding, drought, etc.
  • Plants have defenses against pathogens and predators that may include chemical or physical defenses.

Population Ecology and Global Change

  • Communities are affected by factors such as species interactions, and environmental variations.
  • Disturbances and interactions among species often lead to new species establishment.
  • Species diversity exists in various hierarchical levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
  • Climate change and other pressures threaten biodiversity.
  • Key issues regarding sustainability and conservation include, habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation (harvesting), and global change.
  • Landscape and ecosystem conservation methods aid diversity preservation.

Energy and Ecosystems

  • Energy flows and matter cycles through ecosystems.
  • Producers capture energy from the sun to make organic molecules.
  • Consumers obtain energy from other organisms.
  • Decomposers break down dead organic matter.
  • Trophic levels reflect energy transfer, roughly 10% to the next level.
  • Gross primary production vs. net primary production to define energy conversion, storage, and utilization for the community.
  • Limiting nutrients limit productivity in ecosystems.
  • Production efficiency measures how efficiently organisms utilize energy.

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BIOL 1720 Study Sheet for Exam 4 (Final) - Study Guide

Description

Explore the intricate mechanisms of how vascular plants acquire resources through various transport routes. This quiz covers the roles of symplastic and apoplastic pathways, as well as active and passive transport methods in plants. Test your understanding of water potential and its implications for plant movement.

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