Resilience and Stress: Schooler's Coping Theory

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According to the Stress and Coping Theory, how does an older adult's adaptation depend?

On their perception of environmental stress and coping attempts (correct)

On their favorite hobbies

On their financial resources

On their level of physical activity

How are stressors (environmental demands) evaluated in the Stress and Coping Theory?

As scary or comforting

As easy or difficult

As harmful, beneficial, or irrelevant (correct)

As enjoyable or boring

What happens if an older adult perceives a stressor as harmful/threatening in the Stress and Coping Theory?

They ignore the stressor

They experience a negative emotional response (correct)

They experience a positive emotional response

They want to engage more with the stressor

How does the Loss-Continuum Concept view aging according to the text?

As a progressive series of losses reducing social participation Signup and view all the answers

How does social support affect perceived stress in older adults based on the text?

It reduces the perception of stressfulness in certain situations Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to positive affect and adaptive behavior according to the text?

High environmental press and high competence Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the environmental press is too great for an individual's competency?

Negative affect and maladaptive behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to the congruence model, what leads to maladaptive functioning?

Low level of individual competency that doesn't fit with the demands of the environment Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an individual's competency declines according to the text?

They may be less able to show adaptive functioning to environment Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the statement that 'the less competent a person is, the more impact the environment has'?

The environment plays a larger role in shaping behavior for less competent individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of age-friendly communities?

Encouraging active aging Signup and view all the answers

According to Lawton & Nahemow, what does competence refer to in the context of the congruence model?

The upper limit on the capacity to function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included as one of the five domains in the congruence model of competence and environmental press?

Social networking skills Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'environmental press' refer to in the context of Lawton & Nahemow's model?

The physical, interpersonal, or social demands of the environment Signup and view all the answers

In the congruence model, what is the key determinant of an individual's adaptive functioning in an environment?

Their level of competency matching the environmental demands Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component in Lawton & Nahemow's Competence and Environmental Press Model?

Person-environment congruence Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical framework emphasizes the stress and coping theory in understanding person-environment interactions?

Schooler (1982) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common theme among all the discussed theories regarding person-environment interactions?

Recognition of the importance of person-environment interactions Signup and view all the answers

In the Willis Model of Person-Environment Interactions, what do mechanisms refer to?

Factors moderating competence expression Signup and view all the answers

Which concept did Kahana (1982) focus on in his model of Person-Environment Interactions?

Congruence between person and environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue in adult development and aging according to the text?

Studying methods of research design in the area Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the controversies highlighted in adult development and aging research?

The debate between nature and nurture influences Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the capacity to learn and improve with practice rather than being fixed?

Plasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges in studying adult development and aging?

Understanding specific research designs Signup and view all the answers

Which period of adulthood is described as intense, demanding, and rewarding?

Established adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is most commonly used with adults in adult development research?

Self-reports Signup and view all the answers

Which type of design in research allows for determining cause and effect relationships?

Experimental design Signup and view all the answers

In aging research, what is a common issue related to the samples used in studies?

Samples are not representative of the general population Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of correlational research designs in developmental studies?

Cannot manipulate variables to establish cause and effect Signup and view all the answers

Which type of observation is relatively rare in adult development research?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most challenging aspect of conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging?

Performing cross-sectional and longitudinal designs concurrently Signup and view all the answers

In the context of rate-of-living theories, what is a key assumption regarding people's potential?

Potential is born with a limited amount that can be expended at a rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of cellular cross-linking as described in the text?

Stiffening of the tissue Signup and view all the answers

Why are free radicals mentioned in the context of cellular theories of aging?

To describe highly reactive chemicals that cause cellular damage Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the Hayflick limit in cellular theories of aging?

Telomeres shorten with each replication until cells can't divide further Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge in studying adult development according to the text?

Identifying age, cohort, and time of measurement effects Signup and view all the answers

Which design compares various age groups at a single point in time?

Cross-sectional design Signup and view all the answers

What does cohort effects refer to in the context of studying development?

Changes caused by different experiences of a particular generation Signup and view all the answers

Which variable reflects differences caused by age-related changes?

Age effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge associated with conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging?

Dealing with the complexity of multiple measurement points Signup and view all the answers

What are the three building blocks for development discussed in the text?

Biological, psychological, and sociocultural age Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge is mentioned in the text as essential to understand the methods of research design in the area of adult development and aging?

Controversies in development Signup and view all the answers

In adult development research, what does the controversy of Stability-Change focus on according to the text?

Smooth evolution vs. abrupt shifts Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue highlighted in the text regarding the study of adult development and aging?

Challenges specific designs address Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what determines whether an individual changes over time as an adult?

Characteristics being measured Signup and view all the answers

What type of design in research is commonly used in developmental studies when the variables of interest cannot be manipulated?

Longitudinal design Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data gathering is relatively rare in adult development research?

Systematic observation Signup and view all the answers

In aging research, what is a common issue with the samples used in studies according to the text?

Small sample size Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key focuses of the course mentioned in the text regarding development?

Understanding context-specific influences Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design allows for the determination of cause and effect relationships according to the text?

Experimental design Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge highlighted in studying aging according to the text?

Disentangling age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects Signup and view all the answers

Which design combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs?

Sequential design Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that cells have limits on how often they can divide before dying?

Cellular Theories Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue related to the samples used in studies of adult development?

Lack of diversity in the study population Signup and view all the answers

Which building block for development involves proteins interacting and producing molecules that make tissues stiffer?

Cellular Theories Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge in studying adult development, as mentioned in the text?

Identifying and separating age, cohort, and time of measurement effects Signup and view all the answers

What does a cross-sectional study design involve?

Comparing various age groups at one point in time Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design allows researchers to observe changes within the same group of individuals over time?

Microgenetic study Signup and view all the answers

In the context of developmental research, what is a key difference between cohort effects and age effects?

Age effects are changes caused by different experiences, while cohort effects reflect sociocultural influences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage associated with cross-sectional study designs when comparing various age groups?

They cannot provide information on cohort effects Signup and view all the answers

What makes conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging challenging?

The complexity of combining cross-sectional and longitudinal elements Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design is known for disentangling age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects?

Sequential design Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason why sequential designs are not often implemented in studies of adult development and aging?

The time and expense required for implementation Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of research design involves performing a cross-sectional study followed by a longitudinal study with the same individuals over many years?

Sequential Design Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons why combining cross-sectional and longitudinal elements makes a research design complex?

It necessitates tracking the same individuals across different time periods Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue emphasized in the text regarding the study of adult development and aging?

Challenges in research design methods Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is highlighted as essential to comprehend when conducting studies on aging according to the text?

Understanding the relationship between stability and change Signup and view all the answers

In adult development and aging research, what is a common challenge related to the nature-nurture debate?

Balancing genetic inheritance with environmental influences Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design is particularly suited for addressing questions related to continuity-discontinuity in adult development?

Sequential design Signup and view all the answers

One of the key issues in adult development and aging revolves around what concept regarding research samples?

Ensuring samples represent a diverse range of ages Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue with the samples used in aging research studies?

Samples are mostly White, well-educated, middle-class US adults Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design is commonly used when variables of interest cannot be manipulated?

Correlational design Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges in studying aging according to the text?

Biased samples used in research studies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of observation is relatively rare in adult development research?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of correlational research design in developmental studies?

To explore complex interactions between variables without manipulating them Signup and view all the answers

Resilience and Stress: Schooler's Coping Theory

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Questions and Answers

According to the Stress and Coping Theory, how does an older adult's adaptation depend?

How are stressors (environmental demands) evaluated in the Stress and Coping Theory?

What happens if an older adult perceives a stressor as harmful/threatening in the Stress and Coping Theory?

How does the Loss-Continuum Concept view aging according to the text?

How does social support affect perceived stress in older adults based on the text?

What can lead to positive affect and adaptive behavior according to the text?

What happens when the environmental press is too great for an individual's competency?

According to the congruence model, what leads to maladaptive functioning?

What happens when an individual's competency declines according to the text?

What is implied by the statement that 'the less competent a person is, the more impact the environment has'?

What is the main focus of age-friendly communities?

According to Lawton & Nahemow, what does competence refer to in the context of the congruence model?

Which of the following is NOT included as one of the five domains in the congruence model of competence and environmental press?

What does the term 'environmental press' refer to in the context of Lawton & Nahemow's model?

In the congruence model, what is the key determinant of an individual's adaptive functioning in an environment?

What is a key component in Lawton & Nahemow's Competence and Environmental Press Model?

Which theoretical framework emphasizes the stress and coping theory in understanding person-environment interactions?

What is a common theme among all the discussed theories regarding person-environment interactions?

In the Willis Model of Person-Environment Interactions, what do mechanisms refer to?

Which concept did Kahana (1982) focus on in his model of Person-Environment Interactions?

What is a key issue in adult development and aging according to the text?

What is one of the controversies highlighted in adult development and aging research?

Which term refers to the capacity to learn and improve with practice rather than being fixed?

What is one of the challenges in studying adult development and aging?

Which period of adulthood is described as intense, demanding, and rewarding?

What type of data is most commonly used with adults in adult development research?

Which type of design in research allows for determining cause and effect relationships?

In aging research, what is a common issue related to the samples used in studies?

What is the primary limitation of correlational research designs in developmental studies?

Which type of observation is relatively rare in adult development research?

What is the most challenging aspect of conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging?

In the context of rate-of-living theories, what is a key assumption regarding people's potential?

What is the primary consequence of cellular cross-linking as described in the text?

Why are free radicals mentioned in the context of cellular theories of aging?

Which statement accurately describes the Hayflick limit in cellular theories of aging?

What is one challenge in studying adult development according to the text?

Which design compares various age groups at a single point in time?

What does cohort effects refer to in the context of studying development?

Which variable reflects differences caused by age-related changes?

What is the main challenge associated with conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging?

What are the three building blocks for development discussed in the text?

Which challenge is mentioned in the text as essential to understand the methods of research design in the area of adult development and aging?

In adult development research, what does the controversy of Stability-Change focus on according to the text?

What is a key issue highlighted in the text regarding the study of adult development and aging?

Based on the text, what determines whether an individual changes over time as an adult?

What type of design in research is commonly used in developmental studies when the variables of interest cannot be manipulated?

Which type of data gathering is relatively rare in adult development research?

In aging research, what is a common issue with the samples used in studies according to the text?

What is one of the key focuses of the course mentioned in the text regarding development?

Which type of research design allows for the determination of cause and effect relationships according to the text?

What is a common challenge highlighted in studying aging according to the text?

Which design combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs?

Which theory suggests that cells have limits on how often they can divide before dying?

What is a key issue related to the samples used in studies of adult development?

Which building block for development involves proteins interacting and producing molecules that make tissues stiffer?

What is a primary challenge in studying adult development, as mentioned in the text?

What does a cross-sectional study design involve?

Which type of research design allows researchers to observe changes within the same group of individuals over time?

In the context of developmental research, what is a key difference between cohort effects and age effects?

What is a disadvantage associated with cross-sectional study designs when comparing various age groups?

What makes conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging challenging?

Which type of research design is known for disentangling age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects?

What is a common reason why sequential designs are not often implemented in studies of adult development and aging?

Which aspect of research design involves performing a cross-sectional study followed by a longitudinal study with the same individuals over many years?

What is one of the main reasons why combining cross-sectional and longitudinal elements makes a research design complex?

What is a key issue emphasized in the text regarding the study of adult development and aging?

Which aspect is highlighted as essential to comprehend when conducting studies on aging according to the text?

In adult development and aging research, what is a common challenge related to the nature-nurture debate?

Which type of research design is particularly suited for addressing questions related to continuity-discontinuity in adult development?

One of the key issues in adult development and aging revolves around what concept regarding research samples?

What is a common issue with the samples used in aging research studies?

Which type of research design is commonly used when variables of interest cannot be manipulated?

What is one of the challenges in studying aging according to the text?

Which type of observation is relatively rare in adult development research?

What is the purpose of correlational research design in developmental studies?

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