Resilience and Stress: Schooler's Coping Theory
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Questions and Answers

According to the Stress and Coping Theory, how does an older adult's adaptation depend?

  • On their perception of environmental stress and coping attempts (correct)
  • On their favorite hobbies
  • On their financial resources
  • On their level of physical activity

    • How are stressors (environmental demands) evaluated in the Stress and Coping Theory?

  • As scary or comforting
  • As easy or difficult
  • As harmful, beneficial, or irrelevant (correct)
  • As enjoyable or boring

    • What happens if an older adult perceives a stressor as harmful/threatening in the Stress and Coping Theory?

  • They ignore the stressor
  • They experience a negative emotional response (correct)
  • They experience a positive emotional response
  • They want to engage more with the stressor

    • How does the Loss-Continuum Concept view aging according to the text?

    <p>As a progressive series of losses reducing social participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social support affect perceived stress in older adults based on the text?

    <p>It reduces the perception of stressfulness in certain situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to positive affect and adaptive behavior according to the text?

    <p>High environmental press and high competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the environmental press is too great for an individual's competency?

    <p>Negative affect and maladaptive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the congruence model, what leads to maladaptive functioning?

    <p>Low level of individual competency that doesn't fit with the demands of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an individual's competency declines according to the text?

    <p>They may be less able to show adaptive functioning to environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the statement that 'the less competent a person is, the more impact the environment has'?

    <p>The environment plays a larger role in shaping behavior for less competent individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of age-friendly communities?

    <p>Encouraging active aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lawton & Nahemow, what does competence refer to in the context of the congruence model?

    <p>The upper limit on the capacity to function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included as one of the five domains in the congruence model of competence and environmental press?

    <p>Social networking skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'environmental press' refer to in the context of Lawton & Nahemow's model?

    <p>The physical, interpersonal, or social demands of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the congruence model, what is the key determinant of an individual's adaptive functioning in an environment?

    <p>Their level of competency matching the environmental demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component in Lawton & Nahemow's Competence and Environmental Press Model?

    <p>Person-environment congruence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theoretical framework emphasizes the stress and coping theory in understanding person-environment interactions?

    <p>Schooler (1982)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common theme among all the discussed theories regarding person-environment interactions?

    <p>Recognition of the importance of person-environment interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Willis Model of Person-Environment Interactions, what do mechanisms refer to?

    <p>Factors moderating competence expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept did Kahana (1982) focus on in his model of Person-Environment Interactions?

    <p>Congruence between person and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key issue in adult development and aging according to the text?

    <p>Studying methods of research design in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the controversies highlighted in adult development and aging research?

    <p>The debate between nature and nurture influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the capacity to learn and improve with practice rather than being fixed?

    <p>Plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges in studying adult development and aging?

    <p>Understanding specific research designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period of adulthood is described as intense, demanding, and rewarding?

    <p>Established adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is most commonly used with adults in adult development research?

    <p>Self-reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of design in research allows for determining cause and effect relationships?

    <p>Experimental design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In aging research, what is a common issue related to the samples used in studies?

    <p>Samples are not representative of the general population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of correlational research designs in developmental studies?

    <p>Cannot manipulate variables to establish cause and effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of observation is relatively rare in adult development research?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most challenging aspect of conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging?

    <p>Performing cross-sectional and longitudinal designs concurrently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of rate-of-living theories, what is a key assumption regarding people's potential?

    <p>Potential is born with a limited amount that can be expended at a rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of cellular cross-linking as described in the text?

    <p>Stiffening of the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are free radicals mentioned in the context of cellular theories of aging?

    <p>To describe highly reactive chemicals that cause cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the Hayflick limit in cellular theories of aging?

    <p>Telomeres shorten with each replication until cells can't divide further</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge in studying adult development according to the text?

    <p>Identifying age, cohort, and time of measurement effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design compares various age groups at a single point in time?

    <p>Cross-sectional design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cohort effects refer to in the context of studying development?

    <p>Changes caused by different experiences of a particular generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variable reflects differences caused by age-related changes?

    <p>Age effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge associated with conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging?

    <p>Dealing with the complexity of multiple measurement points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three building blocks for development discussed in the text?

    <p>Biological, psychological, and sociocultural age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which challenge is mentioned in the text as essential to understand the methods of research design in the area of adult development and aging?

    <p>Controversies in development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adult development research, what does the controversy of Stability-Change focus on according to the text?

    <p>Smooth evolution vs. abrupt shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key issue highlighted in the text regarding the study of adult development and aging?

    <p>Challenges specific designs address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what determines whether an individual changes over time as an adult?

    <p>Characteristics being measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of design in research is commonly used in developmental studies when the variables of interest cannot be manipulated?

    <p>Longitudinal design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data gathering is relatively rare in adult development research?

    <p>Systematic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In aging research, what is a common issue with the samples used in studies according to the text?

    <p>Small sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key focuses of the course mentioned in the text regarding development?

    <p>Understanding context-specific influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design allows for the determination of cause and effect relationships according to the text?

    <p>Experimental design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge highlighted in studying aging according to the text?

    <p>Disentangling age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs?

    <p>Sequential design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that cells have limits on how often they can divide before dying?

    <p>Cellular Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key issue related to the samples used in studies of adult development?

    <p>Lack of diversity in the study population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which building block for development involves proteins interacting and producing molecules that make tissues stiffer?

    <p>Cellular Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge in studying adult development, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Identifying and separating age, cohort, and time of measurement effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cross-sectional study design involve?

    <p>Comparing various age groups at one point in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design allows researchers to observe changes within the same group of individuals over time?

    <p>Microgenetic study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of developmental research, what is a key difference between cohort effects and age effects?

    <p>Age effects are changes caused by different experiences, while cohort effects reflect sociocultural influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage associated with cross-sectional study designs when comparing various age groups?

    <p>They cannot provide information on cohort effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes conducting sequential designs in studies of adult development and aging challenging?

    <p>The complexity of combining cross-sectional and longitudinal elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design is known for disentangling age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects?

    <p>Sequential design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason why sequential designs are not often implemented in studies of adult development and aging?

    <p>The time and expense required for implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of research design involves performing a cross-sectional study followed by a longitudinal study with the same individuals over many years?

    <p>Sequential Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main reasons why combining cross-sectional and longitudinal elements makes a research design complex?

    <p>It necessitates tracking the same individuals across different time periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key issue emphasized in the text regarding the study of adult development and aging?

    <p>Challenges in research design methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is highlighted as essential to comprehend when conducting studies on aging according to the text?

    <p>Understanding the relationship between stability and change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adult development and aging research, what is a common challenge related to the nature-nurture debate?

    <p>Balancing genetic inheritance with environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design is particularly suited for addressing questions related to continuity-discontinuity in adult development?

    <p>Sequential design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the key issues in adult development and aging revolves around what concept regarding research samples?

    <p>Ensuring samples represent a diverse range of ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue with the samples used in aging research studies?

    <p>Samples are mostly White, well-educated, middle-class US adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design is commonly used when variables of interest cannot be manipulated?

    <p>Correlational design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges in studying aging according to the text?

    <p>Biased samples used in research studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of observation is relatively rare in adult development research?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of correlational research design in developmental studies?

    <p>To explore complex interactions between variables without manipulating them</p> Signup and view all the answers

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