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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of resocialization?
According to the dramaturgical approach, how is social interaction viewed?
What aspect of social interaction does ethnomethodology focus on?
Which technique is NOT associated with the presentation of self in social interactions?
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What does conversation analysis primarily study?
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What does the concept of 'cultural capital' refer to?
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How does socialization impact individual identity?
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Which concept describes the internalization of cultural probabilities in decision-making?
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What is meant by 'grobalization' in the context of culture?
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What aspect of popular culture contributes to issues of rape culture?
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Which theorist is associated with the concept of social class reproduction?
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What does the phrase 'the medium is the message' imply?
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Which form of culture emphasizes the global spread of American influence?
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What is inductive reasoning primarily used for?
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Which of the following describes a qualitative variable?
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What does causality refer to in research?
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Which statement best explains the principle of falsifiability?
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In the context of validity, what does it mean for measurements to reflect the real world?
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What is a spurious relationship?
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What distinguishes qualitative research from quantitative research?
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Which characteristic is essential for a good scientific theory?
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What term describes the individual's or group's economic position in society, often associated with income, wealth, and occupation?
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Which of the following represents a type of status that cannot generally be altered?
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What do the terms blue-collar, white-collar, and pink-collar refer to?
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How is wealth defined in the context of social class?
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What impact do life chances have on an individual in a class stratified society?
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Which of the following best describes social mobility?
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What is the primary characteristic of blue-collar workers?
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What are life chances primarily influenced by?
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What is primary deviance as described in labeling theory?
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Which type of deviance refers to commonplace activities that violate social norms?
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What does differential association theory suggest about deviant behavior?
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Which of the following is an example of white-collar crime?
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What is formal social control?
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What does the term 'school to prison pipeline' refer to?
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In the context of deviance, what characterizes secondary deviance?
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Which aspect of deviance may be less likely to face punishment due to social status?
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Which form of social control is unofficial and often happens during everyday interactions?
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Which type of crime involves coordinated groups engaged in illegal activities?
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Study Notes
Research & the Scientific Method
- Inductive reasoning involves generalization from specific observations to broader categories.
- Quantitative research collects quantifiable data, while qualitative research uses non-quantifiable data.
- Scientific theories aim to explain why and how scientific observations occur.
- A good theory should be logically consistent and falsifiable.
- A concept is an idea used to describe things sharing common characteristics.
- An operational definition is a way to define a concept so it can be observed and measured.
Variables and Relationships
- A variable is a concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values.
- Quantitative variables are countable, while qualitative variables express qualities without numerical values.
- Correlation is the degree of association between two or more variables.
- A causal relationship implies that one variable causes another.
- A spurious relationship occurs when correlation between variables is due to an unmeasured factor.
Testing Theories and Hypotheses
- Researchers develop and test hypotheses to explain positive or negative correlations.
- Positive correlation signifies that two variables increase or decrease together.
- Negative correlation indicates an increase in one variable while the other decreases.
- Karl Popper emphasized the principle of falsification: a good theory can be proven false.
Validity and Reliability
- Validity refers to accurate representation of concepts and measurements.
- Reliability indicates consistent findings across different studies or over time.
Culture, Media, and Violence
- Rape culture is a societal context that fosters rape, influenced by legislation, judicial practices, and popular culture.
- Victim blaming shifts focus from the perpetrator to the victim's actions and behaviors.
Culture, Class, and Inequality
- Social class reproduction refers to the generational transmission of class status (Pierre Bourdieu).
- Cultural capital comprises knowledge, ideas, verbal skills, and ways of thinking and behaving.
- Habitus is the internalization of social probabilities and their expression as choices.
Culture and Globalization
- Global culture refers to a type of culture, often perceived as Americanized, that has spread globally through media, food, and music.
- Glocalization allows local cultures to adapt, resist, or celebrate global influences.
- Grobalization reflects the desire of powerful nations to expand their influence and profits globally.
Socialization; Social Interaction
- Socialization is the process of learning and reproducing societal culture.
- It shapes our identity, thinking, and behavior as members of a culture.
- It is a primary mechanism for transmitting norms and values.
- Agents of socialization exert significant influence on individuals.
- The nature vs. nurture debate explores the relative influence of innate traits and environment.
- Resocialization involves altering an individual's behavior through controlled environments like prisons or rehabilitation centers.
Social Interaction
- Social interaction is guided by everyday rules that facilitate living, working, and socializing.
- It involves spoken words, gestures, and body language.
- It requires conformity to social conventions, which vary across cultures.
- Studies of social interaction often draw on the symbolic interactionist perspective to analyze meaning exchange.
The Dramaturgical Approach (Erving Goffman)
- Dramaturgical analysis views social interaction as a theatrical performance.
- Presentation of self involves creating impressions that define and control a social situation.
- Social actors use techniques like dramatic realization, idealization, misrepresentation, and mystification.
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
- Ethnomethodology focuses on the commonsense knowledge and practices through which people understand social situations.
- Conversation analysis studies how people recognize and produce coherent conversations.
Stigmatization
- Deviance is often socially constructed through cultural norms or powerful actors.
- Labeling theory, a symbolic interactionist perspective, argues that deviance is a product of labels attached to behaviors.
- Primary deviance is the initial act or behavior that is noticed as deviant.
- Secondary deviance occurs when an individual internalizes the deviant label and acts accordingly.
- Differential association theory states that deviant and criminal behavior are learned through association with those who hold favorable attitudes towards such behavior.
Types of Deviance
- Everyday deviance involves common infractions of norms like white lies or smoking.
- Sexual deviance encompasses practices, orientations, or identities considered deviant.
- Deviance of the powerful is often widespread and escapes punishment, though it may be subject to public shaming.
- Crime types include:
- Violent crimes involving force or threat of force.
- Property crimes violating ownership rights.
- Organized crime committed by coordinated groups providing illegal goods and services.
Crime Types Continued
- White-collar crime is committed by individuals or organizations in high social positions within their work context.
- Police corruption and brutality may be linked to subcultures within police forces.
- State crimes are criminal or harmful acts committed by government officials during their duty.
Social Control of Deviance
- Social control involves attempts to regulate the behavior of individuals and groups to ensure conformity to norms or laws.
- Social power is the ability to exercise social control.
- Informal social control involves unofficial sanctions for deviant behavior, often among ordinary people.
- Formal social control includes official attempts to sanction or punish deviant behavior.
Schools and Discipline
- The school-to-prison pipeline refers to policies and practices that push students, especially at-risk youth, towards the criminal justice system.
- Zero tolerance policies set predetermined punishments for certain misbehaviors, often regardless of severity or context.
Imprisonment in the United States
- The unprecedented rise in imprisonment in the US is influenced by factors like the war on drugs, mass incarceration, and the emphasis on punishment over rehabilitation.
Class Societies and Social Mobility
- Class societies allow for social mobility, enabling individuals to change their socioeconomic positions.
- Social mobility refers to upward or downward changes in social status over time.
Elements of Social Class Stratification
- Social categories group individuals with shared characteristics, not necessarily identifying with each other.
- Achieved status is earned based on acquired skills or credentials.
- Ascribed status is based on socially significant characteristics that are generally unchangeable, like race or gender.
- Class refers to an individual's economic position in society, linked to differences in income, wealth, and occupation.
- Life chances encompass opportunities and obstacles encountered in education, social life, and work, influenced by class.
Social Classes in the U.S.
- Income refers to an individual or household's earnings in a given period.
- Wealth, also known as net worth, is the value of a person's possessions minus their debts.
- Net financial assets measure wealth excluding illiquid personal assets like homes or cars.
- Occupation is an individual's primary paid employment.
- Status refers to the prestige associated with a social position, influenced by factors beyond money like family background or occupation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the basics of research and the scientific method. This quiz covers key concepts including inductive reasoning, types of variables, and the nature of good scientific theories. Explore the relationships between qualitative and quantitative research to enhance your understanding.
