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Questions and Answers
In research terminology, what distinguishes a 'dichotomous' variable from other types of variables?
In research terminology, what distinguishes a 'dichotomous' variable from other types of variables?
- It refers to the number of family members in a study.
- It is a variable that can only take on one of two possible values or categories. (correct)
- It is a variable that has multiple categories which cannot be ordered.
- It represents a continuous range of values along a spectrum.
When formulating hypotheses in the conceptual phase of a quantitative study, what is the most critical consideration for researchers?
When formulating hypotheses in the conceptual phase of a quantitative study, what is the most critical consideration for researchers?
- Developing vague hypotheses to allow for broader interpretation of results.
- Prioritizing hypotheses that are easy to prove, regardless of their relevance.
- Ensuring the hypotheses align with popular opinion to increase study participation.
- Basing hypotheses on a well-defined theoretical framework and a comprehensive literature review. (correct)
In the context of research variables, what is the fundamental difference between dependent and independent variables?
In the context of research variables, what is the fundamental difference between dependent and independent variables?
- Independent variables are manipulated or controlled to observe their effect on dependent variables. (correct)
- Independent variables are influenced by dependent variables.
- Dependent variables cause changes in independent variables.
- Both variables are interchangeable and have no directional influence on each other.
What is the primary reason for conducting a pilot study during the design and planning phase of a quantitative research project?
What is the primary reason for conducting a pilot study during the design and planning phase of a quantitative research project?
When defining the theoretical framework in a research study, why is it important to differentiate between a 'theoretical definition' and an 'operational definition'?
When defining the theoretical framework in a research study, why is it important to differentiate between a 'theoretical definition' and an 'operational definition'?
In the review of related literature, what distinguishes international infection control studies from Jordanian studies?
In the review of related literature, what distinguishes international infection control studies from Jordanian studies?
In defining a sampling plan for a quantitative study, what is the most critical consideration when identifying the target population?
In defining a sampling plan for a quantitative study, what is the most critical consideration when identifying the target population?
During data collection in the empirical phase, what is the primary purpose of obtaining IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval?
During data collection in the empirical phase, what is the primary purpose of obtaining IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval?
In the context of data analysis, what is the key distinction between defining dependent and independent variables?
In the context of data analysis, what is the key distinction between defining dependent and independent variables?
During the 'dissemination phase' of a quantitative study, which of the following actions demonstrates the most effective utilization of research findings?
During the 'dissemination phase' of a quantitative study, which of the following actions demonstrates the most effective utilization of research findings?
What is the most accurate interpretation of 'incidence' in the context of the provided data on infections?
What is the most accurate interpretation of 'incidence' in the context of the provided data on infections?
When summarizing the problem in the first phase, what is the significance of pointing out the absence of studies in Jordan regarding infection control practices among nursing staff?
When summarizing the problem in the first phase, what is the significance of pointing out the absence of studies in Jordan regarding infection control practices among nursing staff?
In the context of research, what is the primary purpose of defining the 'purpose of the study' during the conceptual phase?
In the context of research, what is the primary purpose of defining the 'purpose of the study' during the conceptual phase?
In the data on patient risk factors, what critical inference can be made when comparing the prevalence of 'other infections' in Nosocomial BSIs versus Community-Acquired BSIs?
In the data on patient risk factors, what critical inference can be made when comparing the prevalence of 'other infections' in Nosocomial BSIs versus Community-Acquired BSIs?
During the empirical phase of a quantitative study, what is the ethical rationale behind informing potential participants that their participation is voluntary and that they can withdraw at any time?
During the empirical phase of a quantitative study, what is the ethical rationale behind informing potential participants that their participation is voluntary and that they can withdraw at any time?
What underlying assumption is made when researchers generalize the findings from a sample to a larger population?
What underlying assumption is made when researchers generalize the findings from a sample to a larger population?
How does the research title 'Registered Nurses Knowledge, Practice, and Attitudes toward Infection Control Guidelines: A Jordanian National Study' directly contribute to the initial conceptualization of the study?
How does the research title 'Registered Nurses Knowledge, Practice, and Attitudes toward Infection Control Guidelines: A Jordanian National Study' directly contribute to the initial conceptualization of the study?
What is the implication of the inclusion criteria 'Being currently on the working schedule' when identifying the population of staff nurses for a research study?
What is the implication of the inclusion criteria 'Being currently on the working schedule' when identifying the population of staff nurses for a research study?
What is the most likely reason for offering a 'thank you gift' as a moral incentive for nurses to participate in a research study during data collection?
What is the most likely reason for offering a 'thank you gift' as a moral incentive for nurses to participate in a research study during data collection?
In the context of nursing research, why is it essential to distinguish between a study, an investigation, and a research project?
In the context of nursing research, why is it essential to distinguish between a study, an investigation, and a research project?
Flashcards
Research Project
Research Project
A study, investigation, or research project involves systematic inquiry to discover new knowledge.
Study Participants
Study Participants
Individuals who participate in a study, providing data or insights, are known as subjects, study participants, or informants.
Researcher
Researcher
The person conducting and leading said research project.
Theory
Theory
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Continuous Variables
Continuous Variables
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Discrete Variable
Discrete Variable
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Categorical Variables
Categorical Variables
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Dichotomous Variable
Dichotomous Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Finding Area of Interest
Finding Area of Interest
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Summarizing the Problem
Summarizing the Problem
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Purpose of the Study
Purpose of the Study
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Review Related Literature
Review Related Literature
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Define Theoretical Framework
Define Theoretical Framework
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Formulating Hypotheses
Formulating Hypotheses
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Select Research Design
Select Research Design
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Identifying the Population
Identifying the Population
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Measure Research Variables
Measure Research Variables
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Define Sampling Plan
Define Sampling Plan
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Study Notes
- Overview of the research process
Terminology in Research
- Study, investigation, and research project are interchangeable terms
- Subjects, study participants, and informants refer to those involved in a study
- Researcher, investigators, and scientists refers to those conducting the study
Theory in Research
- A theory is a systematic, abstract explanation of an aspect of reality
- Roy adaptation theory and Orem self-care theory are examples of theories
Variables in Research
- Continuous variables are variables that can take on any value within a range
- Discrete variables are countable, such as "number of family members"
- Categorical variables are variables with distinct categories
- Dichotomous variables have two categories, such as male vs female or yes vs no
- Dependent variables represent the "effect"
- Independent variables represent the "cause"
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study: Phase 1 - The Conceptual Phase
- Find an area of interest, and define the specific research problem
- Summarize the background and significance of the research problem
- Define the purpose of the study
- Review existing research to provide context
- Define the theoretical framework guiding the research
- Formulate testable hypotheses and specific research questions
Example of Phase 1: Registered Nurses Knowledge, Practice, and Attitudes toward Infection Control Guidelines: A Jordanian National Study
- Studies have examined healthcare workers' compliance with infection control guidelines worldwide
- There were no studies in Jordan assessing infection control practices among nursing staff in Jordanian hospitals
- Information about compliance of Jordanian nursing staff with infection control guidelines is limited
- This study aims to evaluate infection control practices among nursing staff in Jordanian hospitals at the national level
- The study intends to evaluate knowledge and attitude regarding infection control among Jordanian nursing staff
- The theoretical definition for the study is the latest routine approaches and practices applied to nonintact skin, mucous membranes, blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat.
- This applies regardless of whether they contain visible blood, with a high level of protection to patients, health care workers, and visitors from infection (Siegel, Rhinehart, Jackson, & Chiarello, 2007; WHO, 2004)
- The operational definition is the latest standard infection control practices published by the CDC or equivalent guidelines adopted by the hospital
Themes of the Literature Review
- Information about the healthcare system in Jordan
- Jordanian studies regarding infection control
- International infection control studies
Research Questions
- What are the Jordanian nursing staff infection control practices?
- Is there a relationship between Jordanian nursing staff attitude toward infection control and their real practice?
- Is there a relationship between Jordanian nursing staff attitude toward infection control and their level of infection control knowledge?
- Is there a relationship between Jordanian nursing staff infection control knowledge and their attitude toward infection control?
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study: Phase 2 - The Design and Planning Phase
- Select an appropriate research design
- Identify the target population for the study
- Determine methods to measure the relevant research variables
- Define the sampling plan
- Conduct a pilot study to test the feasibility and refine the research procedures
Example of Phase 2
- This study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive design to explore the Jordanian staff nurses' knowledge, practice, and attitude toward infection control guidelines
- The sample will be staff nurses on the working schedule of each selected hospital
- Inclusion criteria for the study sample:
- a registered nurse with either a BSN or a 3-year diploma
- currently on the working schedule
- of Jordanian nationality
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study: Phase 3 - The Empirical Phase
- Data Collection
- Preparing for data analysis
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study: Phase 4 - The Analytical Phase
- Data analysis
- Interpreting the results
Example Phase 3
- IRB approval is secured
- The nursing director in each hospital is asked to provide a full list of eligible nurses
- A simple random sample of the needed number of RNs is obtained
- Potential participants are informed that the instrument is to be filled out and returned to the nursing administrator
- After returning the instrument, each participant receives a "thank you gift" as a moral incentive for participation
Example Phase 4
- Preparation of data analysis involves defining the dependent and independent variables
- Defining the method and statistical procedures to be used in the analysis
- Data analysis is preformed
- Interpretation of the results
Prevalence of Patient Risk Factors
- Comparing Nosocomial BSIs, Community-Acquired BSIs, and Uninfected
Incidence and Case-Fatality
- Incidence (Cases per 1,000 admissions):
- NBSIs: 21.7
- CBSIs: 13.3
- Case-Fatality (%):
- NBSIs: 20.6
- CBSIs: 13.6
- Mortality (Deaths per 1,000 admissions):
- NBSIs: 4.5
- CBSIs: 1.8
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study: Phase 5 - The Dissemination Phase
- Communicating the findings
- Utilizing the findings
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