Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main argument of the provided text?
What is the main argument of the provided text?
- Cognitive psychology and neuropsychology have provided evidence that metaphors are not relevant for understanding concepts.
- Metaphors about the vertical dimension are only used to talk about power, not to think about it.
- Thinking about concepts involves perceptual symbols, which are based on sensory experiences. (correct)
- Social psychology should incorporate metaphors into its theories and research.
What does Barsalou's research suggest about the nature of knowledge?
What does Barsalou's research suggest about the nature of knowledge?
- Knowledge is grounded in perceptual experiences and consists of modality-specific representations. (correct)
- Knowledge is acquired through abstract thinking, independent of sensory experiences.
- Knowledge is solely based on introspection and motor programs, without any external sensory input.
- Knowledge consists primarily of amodal propositions, which are language-based representations.
What is the main function of perceptual symbols, as described in the text?
What is the main function of perceptual symbols, as described in the text?
- Perceptual symbols are used to store and retrieve information about specific events and experiences.
- Perceptual symbols are used to translate language into abstract thought, independent of sensory experiences.
- Perceptual symbols are used to represent and process concepts by relating them to sensory experiences. (correct)
- Perceptual symbols are used to create abstract concepts by combining different sensory experiences.
What does the term "modal" refer to?
What does the term "modal" refer to?
What is the relationship between Barsalou's research and the use of metaphors about the vertical dimension?
What is the relationship between Barsalou's research and the use of metaphors about the vertical dimension?
Why does the text mention the funding source for the research?
Why does the text mention the funding source for the research?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of sensory experience involved in perceptual symbols?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of sensory experience involved in perceptual symbols?
Based on the text, what is the most likely reason for the author's interest in studying metaphors about the vertical dimension?
Based on the text, what is the most likely reason for the author's interest in studying metaphors about the vertical dimension?
How are positive words evaluated in relation to their position on the screen?
How are positive words evaluated in relation to their position on the screen?
What does the cognitive processing of valence involve according to the content?
What does the cognitive processing of valence involve according to the content?
What theoretical development is suggested by the empirical evidence mentioned?
What theoretical development is suggested by the empirical evidence mentioned?
What is the suggested metaphor for how time is conceptualized according to Jaynes?
What is the suggested metaphor for how time is conceptualized according to Jaynes?
What was observed regarding negative words when evaluating their position?
What was observed regarding negative words when evaluating their position?
What aspect of power attribution can be influenced by spatial positions?
What aspect of power attribution can be influenced by spatial positions?
What type of interference effects are mentioned as indicators in the study?
What type of interference effects are mentioned as indicators in the study?
Which of the following best describes the sample used in Study 6?
Which of the following best describes the sample used in Study 6?
In the study's context, what does the term 'Stroop-like interference' refer to?
In the study's context, what does the term 'Stroop-like interference' refer to?
What characteristic of the participants is specifically noted in the study?
What characteristic of the participants is specifically noted in the study?
Why should the effect described in the content be interpreted with caution?
Why should the effect described in the content be interpreted with caution?
What possible reason is provided for the faster responses for the group at the top?
What possible reason is provided for the faster responses for the group at the top?
How might the use of computer software influence the responses in the study?
How might the use of computer software influence the responses in the study?
What is implied about the cursor keys used in the study?
What is implied about the cursor keys used in the study?
What factor may have distorted the simple comparisons in the study?
What factor may have distorted the simple comparisons in the study?
What is one way verticality embodies power in society?
What is one way verticality embodies power in society?
How is power often visually represented according to the content?
How is power often visually represented according to the content?
What did Studies 2–4 seek to address regarding the perception of powerful and powerless groups?
What did Studies 2–4 seek to address regarding the perception of powerful and powerless groups?
What might interfere with power judgments based on the studies mentioned.
What might interfere with power judgments based on the studies mentioned.
What correlation is suggested between vertical space and power?
What correlation is suggested between vertical space and power?
In what way might children perceive power in their surroundings?
In what way might children perceive power in their surroundings?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of the studies conducted?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of the studies conducted?
What experimental aspect was tested in Study 5?
What experimental aspect was tested in Study 5?
What was the primary expectation regarding participants' identification of the powerless group?
What was the primary expectation regarding participants' identification of the powerless group?
Which schema is discussed in relation to the perception of power?
Which schema is discussed in relation to the perception of power?
What interaction was predicted in relation to group type and vertical position?
What interaction was predicted in relation to group type and vertical position?
What aspect of thinking about power is explored in the study?
What aspect of thinking about power is explored in the study?
What does the study aim to demonstrate about the power = up schema?
What does the study aim to demonstrate about the power = up schema?
What is the methodological approach suggested to investigate the power = up schema?
What is the methodological approach suggested to investigate the power = up schema?
What type of content does the study forecast to interact with the concept of power?
What type of content does the study forecast to interact with the concept of power?
What conclusion might be drawn about the link between vertical spatial difference and power perception?
What conclusion might be drawn about the link between vertical spatial difference and power perception?
Flashcards
Metaphors in Psychology
Metaphors in Psychology
Metaphors are used to convey complex concepts, like power, and influence perception.
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
A branch of psychology focused on mental processes like perception, memory, and reasoning.
Perceptual Symbols
Perceptual Symbols
Mental representations that arise from sensory experiences, involving all senses.
Barsalou's Research
Barsalou's Research
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Modality-Specific Representations
Modality-Specific Representations
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Amodal Propositions
Amodal Propositions
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Mental Representations
Mental Representations
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Sensory Experiences
Sensory Experiences
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Perceptual Symbols Account
Perceptual Symbols Account
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Motor Representations
Motor Representations
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Valence Judgement
Valence Judgement
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Vertical Spatial Dimension
Vertical Spatial Dimension
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Metaphors for Time
Metaphors for Time
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Study 6
Study 6
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Spatial Positions
Spatial Positions
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Response Times
Response Times
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Stroop-like Interference
Stroop-like Interference
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Mean Age of Participants
Mean Age of Participants
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Cursor keys in Study 2
Cursor keys in Study 2
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Imagined movements
Imagined movements
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Powerful group positioning
Powerful group positioning
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Speed of top answers
Speed of top answers
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Motor imagery
Motor imagery
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Vertical Difference
Vertical Difference
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Power Judgments
Power Judgments
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Power ⫽ Up Schema
Power ⫽ Up Schema
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Group Type Interaction
Group Type Interaction
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Influence of Position
Influence of Position
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Spatial Thinking
Spatial Thinking
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Power Metaphor
Power Metaphor
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Verticality and Power
Verticality and Power
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Posture and Authority
Posture and Authority
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Height in Social Structures
Height in Social Structures
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Powerful Seating
Powerful Seating
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Valence and Power
Valence and Power
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Hierarchy Creation
Hierarchy Creation
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Children's Environment
Children's Environment
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Studies on Power Judgments
Studies on Power Judgments
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Study Notes
Attitudes and Social Cognition
- Vertical position as a perceptual symbol of power: Thinking about power involves mental spatial simulation, potentially influenced by perceived vertical differences. Studies suggest a link between higher vertical position and perceived power.
- Perceptual symbols: Mental representations are not solely abstract and amodal; they often incorporate perceptual content, including sensory-motor experiences.
- Perceptual simulation: Thinking about concepts, both concrete and abstract, involves simulating associated perceptual experiences; vertical simulation is particularly relevant to power.
- Power and verticality: There's a strong cultural association between power and upward position; this association is reflected in language, nonverbal communication, and physical manifestations, impacting how people perceive and interact with each other.
- Power Judgments and Vertical Position: Perceived vertical differences strongly influence judgments of power (Study 2, 3, and 4). Speed and accuracy of judgments are impacted whether a group is perceived as higher or lower in position on a screen.
- Valence and Vertical Position: A competing hypothesis suggests that powerful agents are associated with "up" because of positive valence, but pretest data indicate a disassociation in previous studies.
- Meta-analysis of interference effects: A meta-analysis of studies 2 to 5 reveals a significant effect of vertical position on power judgments regarding response times and errors, suggesting that vertical position is strongly tied to the concept of power.
- Motor responses and power: Motor movements (especially upward or downward) influence the judgment of power, indicating the embodied nature of this cognitive concept.
- Judging respect for powerful/powerless animals: Vertical position also impacts outcome judgments (Study 6); animals perceived as higher are judged with more respect than those lower.
- Alternative explanations (Valence & Relevance): Studies address whether the effect of vertical position on power judgments stems from valence associations or the importance of the target group. The results suggest that effects are primarily related to the perception of power, not valence or relevance.
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