Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of calculating sample size in research?
What is the purpose of calculating sample size in research?
- To determine the validity of a study
- To ensure all individuals are selected
- To increase the reliability and validity of results (correct)
- To eliminate all errors in the study
Cluster sampling is a method of grouping people from a chosen population into __________.
Cluster sampling is a method of grouping people from a chosen population into __________.
clusters
In stratified random sampling, the population is divided into groups before selecting the samples.
In stratified random sampling, the population is divided into groups before selecting the samples.
True (A)
What is cluster sampling primarily based on?
What is cluster sampling primarily based on?
What is one method for simple random sampling?
What is one method for simple random sampling?
List one way of developing research instruments.
List one way of developing research instruments.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What mathematical approach is used to determine the interval in systematic sampling?
What mathematical approach is used to determine the interval in systematic sampling?
The systematic sampling method involves selecting samples every ___ of the chosen population.
The systematic sampling method involves selecting samples every ___ of the chosen population.
What does an effect size indicate in a research study?
What does an effect size indicate in a research study?
The instrument used in research should not be valid or reliable.
The instrument used in research should not be valid or reliable.
Match the sampling method to its description:
Match the sampling method to its description:
What is a benefit of having an easily tabulated instrument?
What is a benefit of having an easily tabulated instrument?
Using different formulas for sample size is unnecessary when conducting research.
Using different formulas for sample size is unnecessary when conducting research.
A researcher should modify an existing instrument if it does not yield the exact data needed.
A researcher should modify an existing instrument if it does not yield the exact data needed.
What are the three ways to develop a research instrument?
What are the three ways to develop a research instrument?
What type of validity describes an instrument's ability to predict results similar to future tests?
What type of validity describes an instrument's ability to predict results similar to future tests?
A Likert scale is commonly used in qualitative research.
A Likert scale is commonly used in qualitative research.
What is the primary purpose of reliability in instruments?
What is the primary purpose of reliability in instruments?
The method used to determine the consistency of scores from the same group of respondents taking a test twice is called __________.
The method used to determine the consistency of scores from the same group of respondents taking a test twice is called __________.
Which of the following is an example of a method for achieving equivalence in reliability?
Which of the following is an example of a method for achieving equivalence in reliability?
Match the following scales with their descriptions:
Match the following scales with their descriptions:
Internal consistency reliability checks how similar the results of different tests are.
Internal consistency reliability checks how similar the results of different tests are.
What is a benefit of using a Semantic Differential scale over other scales?
What is a benefit of using a Semantic Differential scale over other scales?
Which type of validity is also known as 'logical validity'?
Which type of validity is also known as 'logical validity'?
Content validity ensures that an instrument meets the objectives of the study by evaluating the information it provides.
Content validity ensures that an instrument meets the objectives of the study by evaluating the information it provides.
Name one method used to measure internal consistency in a test.
Name one method used to measure internal consistency in a test.
In experimental research, the researcher decides the nature of the __________.
In experimental research, the researcher decides the nature of the __________.
Match the following types of validity with their definitions:
Match the following types of validity with their definitions:
Which method is NOT a way to measure internal consistency?
Which method is NOT a way to measure internal consistency?
When a respondent scores high on one item, it is likely they will score low on another similar item.
When a respondent scores high on one item, it is likely they will score low on another similar item.
What do experts in the field provide to support content validity?
What do experts in the field provide to support content validity?
What type of analysis examines two variables simultaneously?
What type of analysis examines two variables simultaneously?
A sample is considered to be the entire group from which participants are drawn.
A sample is considered to be the entire group from which participants are drawn.
What is the primary purpose of a research instrument?
What is the primary purpose of a research instrument?
The analysis of three or more variables is known as __________ analysis.
The analysis of three or more variables is known as __________ analysis.
Match the following sampling procedures with their definitions:
Match the following sampling procedures with their definitions:
Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative research?
Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative research?
Parametric tests can be used for both normally distributed and non-normally distributed data.
Parametric tests can be used for both normally distributed and non-normally distributed data.
What is the purpose of identifying the objective of the research study when selecting statistical techniques?
What is the purpose of identifying the objective of the research study when selecting statistical techniques?
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Study Notes
Determining Sample Size
- Review similar research studies to determine appropriate sample size
- Use formulas to calculate sample size, these can be found online
- The Cochran formula is one option to determine sample size
Sampling Procedures
- Simple random sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
- Methods: Fishbowl technique, roulette wheel, using a table of random numbers
- Stratified random sampling: Similar to simple random sampling, but the population is divided into groups (strata) before selection. Samples are chosen from each strata
- Cluster sampling: The population is divided into subgroups or clusters, and multiple clusters are chosen
- Systematic sampling: Samples are selected every nth individual (e.g. every second, fifth) from the population until the desired sample size is reached
Research Instrument
- Considerations when developing a research instrument:
- Clarity and Simplicity: The instrument should be easy for respondents to understand
- Validity and Reliability: The instrument must provide accurate and appropriate information.
- Ease of Tabulation: Consider how data will be analyzed when designing the instrument.
- Ways to develop research instruments:
- Adapt an instrument from previously used studies
- Modify an existing instrument
- Create a completely new instrument specific to the current study
Types of Validity
- Face validity: The instrument appears to measure what it is supposed to measure based on a quick assessment
- Content validity: The instrument covers all the relevant aspects of the research topic
- Construct validity: The instrument measures the theoretical construct of the study
- Concurrent validity: Results from the instrument are similar to those from other validated measures
- Predictive validity: The instrument can predict future outcomes, similar to other validated tests
Types of Reliability
- Test-retest reliability: The same test is given to the same group twice, and the consistency of the scores is checked.
- Equivalent forms reliability: Two similar tests are given to the same group, and the scores are compared.
- Internal consistency reliability: The instrument's different parts consistently measure the same construct.
Research Intervention
- Intervention refers to the actions taken on the research participants.
- Interventions are decided by the researcher and can be applied to a certain group or extent.
Quantitative Research
- Statistical methods:
- Univariate analysis: analyzing one variable
- Bivariate analysis: analyzing two variables
- Multivariate analysis: analyzing multiple variables
- Data Analysis:
- Parametric tests: used when data meets certain assumptions
- Non-parametric tests: used when data doesn't meet the assumptions for parametric tests
Research Design Components
- Research design: The overall strategy of the research study.
- Types of Quantitative Research:
- Descriptive
- Correlational
- Ex post facto
- Quasi-experimental
- Experimental
- Population: all members of a group relevant to the research.
- Sample: a representative part of the population.
- Sampling: the process of selecting participants for a study.
- Data Collection Procedure: the method used to gather data.
- Data Analysis: the process of interpreting the data.
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