Research Methods: Sample Size and Sampling Procedures
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of calculating sample size in research?

  • To determine the validity of a study
  • To ensure all individuals are selected
  • To increase the reliability and validity of results (correct)
  • To eliminate all errors in the study

    • Cluster sampling is a method of grouping people from a chosen population into __________.

    clusters

    In stratified random sampling, the population is divided into groups before selecting the samples.

    True

    What is cluster sampling primarily based on?

    <p>Grouping based on subgroups or clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method for simple random sampling?

    <p>Fishbowl technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one way of developing research instruments.

    <p>Adopting an instrument from previous related studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Validity = The accuracy of the instrument in measuring what it is supposed to measure Reliability = The consistency of the instrument across multiple usages Construct Validity = The degree to which the instrument corresponds to theoretical constructs Research Instrument = Tools utilized for collecting data in research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mathematical approach is used to determine the interval in systematic sampling?

    <p>Population divided by sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The systematic sampling method involves selecting samples every ___ of the chosen population.

    <p>nth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an effect size indicate in a research study?

    <p>The magnitude of the difference between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The instrument used in research should not be valid or reliable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sampling method to its description:

    <p>Simple Random Sampling = All members have an equal chance of selection. Stratified Random Sampling = Population is divided into subgroups before sampling. Systematic Sampling = Samples are chosen at predetermined intervals. Cochran's Formula = A method to calculate acceptable sample size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of having an easily tabulated instrument?

    <p>It aids in constructing quantitative research instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using different formulas for sample size is unnecessary when conducting research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher should modify an existing instrument if it does not yield the exact data needed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three ways to develop a research instrument?

    <ol> <li>Adopting from previous studies, 2. Modifying an existing instrument, 3. Creating a new instrument.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of validity describes an instrument's ability to predict results similar to future tests?

    <p>Predictive validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Likert scale is commonly used in qualitative research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reliability in instruments?

    <p>To ensure consistency of the measures or results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method used to determine the consistency of scores from the same group of respondents taking a test twice is called __________.

    <p>Test-retest reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a method for achieving equivalence in reliability?

    <p>Administering two identical tests except for wording</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scales with their descriptions:

    <p>Likert Scale = Rating attitudes or opinions on a scale Semantic Differential = Rating bipolar adjectives Concurrent Validity = Predicting results based on similar established tests Predictive Validity = Assessing future performance based on current scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal consistency reliability checks how similar the results of different tests are.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using a Semantic Differential scale over other scales?

    <p>It is more flexible and easier to construct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity is also known as 'logical validity'?

    <p>Face Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Content validity ensures that an instrument meets the objectives of the study by evaluating the information it provides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method used to measure internal consistency in a test.

    <p>Cronbach's alpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In experimental research, the researcher decides the nature of the __________.

    <p>intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of validity with their definitions:

    <p>Face Validity = Judgment based on appearance Content Validity = Evaluation of whether the instrument meets study objectives Construct Validity = Test measures what it claims to measure Predictive Validity = Accuracy of a test in predicting future performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT a way to measure internal consistency?

    <p>Predictive Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a respondent scores high on one item, it is likely they will score low on another similar item.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do experts in the field provide to support content validity?

    <p>Specific elements that should be measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis examines two variables simultaneously?

    <p>Bivariate analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sample is considered to be the entire group from which participants are drawn.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a research instrument?

    <p>To gather data for the research study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The analysis of three or more variables is known as __________ analysis.

    <p>multivariate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sampling procedures with their definitions:

    <p>Simple random sampling = Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Stratified random sampling = The population is divided into subgroups before sampling. Cluster sampling = Entire clusters or groups are selected randomly. Systematic sampling = Every nth member of the population is selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative research?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parametric tests can be used for both normally distributed and non-normally distributed data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying the objective of the research study when selecting statistical techniques?

    <p>To choose the appropriate statistical methods for data analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Determining Sample Size

    • Review similar research studies to determine appropriate sample size
    • Use formulas to calculate sample size, these can be found online
    • The Cochran formula is one option to determine sample size

    Sampling Procedures

    • Simple random sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
      • Methods: Fishbowl technique, roulette wheel, using a table of random numbers
    • Stratified random sampling: Similar to simple random sampling, but the population is divided into groups (strata) before selection. Samples are chosen from each strata
    • Cluster sampling: The population is divided into subgroups or clusters, and multiple clusters are chosen
    • Systematic sampling: Samples are selected every nth individual (e.g. every second, fifth) from the population until the desired sample size is reached

    Research Instrument

    • Considerations when developing a research instrument:
      • Clarity and Simplicity: The instrument should be easy for respondents to understand
      • Validity and Reliability: The instrument must provide accurate and appropriate information.
      • Ease of Tabulation: Consider how data will be analyzed when designing the instrument.
    • Ways to develop research instruments:
      • Adapt an instrument from previously used studies
      • Modify an existing instrument
      • Create a completely new instrument specific to the current study

    Types of Validity

    • Face validity: The instrument appears to measure what it is supposed to measure based on a quick assessment
    • Content validity: The instrument covers all the relevant aspects of the research topic
    • Construct validity: The instrument measures the theoretical construct of the study
    • Concurrent validity: Results from the instrument are similar to those from other validated measures
    • Predictive validity: The instrument can predict future outcomes, similar to other validated tests

    Types of Reliability

    • Test-retest reliability: The same test is given to the same group twice, and the consistency of the scores is checked.
    • Equivalent forms reliability: Two similar tests are given to the same group, and the scores are compared.
    • Internal consistency reliability: The instrument's different parts consistently measure the same construct.

    Research Intervention

    • Intervention refers to the actions taken on the research participants.
    • Interventions are decided by the researcher and can be applied to a certain group or extent.

    Quantitative Research

    • Statistical methods:
      • Univariate analysis: analyzing one variable
      • Bivariate analysis: analyzing two variables
      • Multivariate analysis: analyzing multiple variables
    • Data Analysis:
      • Parametric tests: used when data meets certain assumptions
      • Non-parametric tests: used when data doesn't meet the assumptions for parametric tests

    Research Design Components

    • Research design: The overall strategy of the research study.
    • Types of Quantitative Research:
      • Descriptive
      • Correlational
      • Ex post facto
      • Quasi-experimental
      • Experimental
    • Population: all members of a group relevant to the research.
    • Sample: a representative part of the population.
    • Sampling: the process of selecting participants for a study.
    • Data Collection Procedure: the method used to gather data.
    • Data Analysis: the process of interpreting the data.

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    Description

    This quiz will test your understanding of sample size determination and various sampling procedures used in research. You will explore methods such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, along with key considerations for developing research instruments. Enhance your knowledge of these essential research methodologies!

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