Lecture 8 PSYCH2018

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of using matched groups designs in research?

To manipulate the dependent variable for greater control

To ensure a larger sample size in experimental groups

To assess the ecological validity of the findings

To produce equivalent groups for comparison (correct)

In the research example regarding ex post facto designs, what was the main independent variable?

Participant age

Social skills training type

Traumatic brain injury status (correct)

Effect of social interaction

What is a key feature of within-subjects designs?

All participants experience every level of the independent variable (correct)

The independent variable is not manipulated

Results are derived from a single measurement point

Different participants are used at each level of the independent variable

What is the dependent variable in the experiment involving subliminal tapes?

Weight loss measured in pounds Signup and view all the answers

In a yoked control group, what is the primary characteristic that defines the grouping?

Control group subjects are paired based on session duration with experimental subjects Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a between-subjects multilevel design provide regarding nonlinear effects?

It allows for the identification of various levels of impact Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Bransford and Johnson's 'laundry study', what was the dependent variable?

Recall of information presented Signup and view all the answers

What statistical test would be appropriate for analyzing data from a single-factor design with more than two levels?

One-way ANOVA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of single-factor designs?

They only include within-subjects factors. Signup and view all the answers

What role does reverse counterbalancing play in repeated measures designs?

It helps to control for practice effects and order effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the operational definitions used in the matched groups design example?

Explicit criteria for assessing social interaction Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the inclusion of more levels in a single-factor design have?

It can rule out alternative explanations to the main result. Signup and view all the answers

What does ecological validity refer to in psychological research?

The relevance of findings to real-world situations Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for using independent groups in single-factor designs?

To maintain equivalence through random assignment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design requires that groups are intrinsically not equal?

Nonequivalent groups design Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing data from a single-factor, multilevel study, why is a one-way ANOVA preferred over multiple t-tests?

ANOVAs provide a comprehensive analysis of variance among groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a placebo control group in experimental designs?

To isolate the effect of the independent variable from psychological factors Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would repeated measures design be necessary?

When testing subjects more than once per condition Signup and view all the answers

What analysis method accompanies a one-factor ANOVA for deeper understanding of data?

Post hoc statistical analyses Signup and view all the answers

What are the goals of Ebbinghaus's memory research primarily focused on?

The quantification of memory decay over time Signup and view all the answers

Which of these designs allows for manipulations of both the independent variable and subject variable?

Nonequivalent groups design Signup and view all the answers

In a multilevel independent groups design, which of the following is likely considered the dependent variable?

Whether or not the child helped the teacher Signup and view all the answers

What key advantage does a repeated measures design provide in a study analyzing listening experiences?

Controls for individual differences across conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is primarily focused on when discussing the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?

Retention interval and memory savings Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mistake researchers make when analyzing data from multilevel designs?

Conducting multiple t-tests for each level Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical method is appropriate for analyzing independent groups in a multilevel independent groups design?

One-way ANOVA Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a placebo control group in research?

To provide a baseline for comparison against active treatments Signup and view all the answers

Which operational definition describes a condition in Bransford and Johnson's research regarding memory recall?

Condition with Topic Before Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT one of the t-test assumptions necessary for analyzing independent samples?

Data should be measured on an ordinal scale Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measurement displayed in the bar graph from Bransford and Johnson's study?

Mean idea units recalled Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Experimental Design: Single-Factor Designs

Single-factor designs involve one independent variable, categorized as either between-subjects or within-subjects.
Between-subjects designs include independent groups, matched groups, and ex post facto designs.
Within-subjects designs include repeated measures.
Independent groups designs assign participants randomly to different groups.
Matched groups designs pair participants based on relevant characteristics.
Ex post facto designs examine existing characteristics or traits.
Repeated measures designs involve the same participants experiencing all levels of the independent variable.

Control Groups in Experimental Design

Special control groups, such as placebo, wait-list, and yoked control groups, are used.
Placebo groups receive an inactive treatment to compare with an active treatment.
Wait-list control groups prevent bias by delaying treatment for some participants, allowing them no treatment.
Yoked control groups are matched to experimental groups; but they don't receive the treatment. They experience comparable non-treatment situations.

Analyzing Single-Factor Designs

Data analysis for single-factor designs depends on the design type (two or more levels).
Two-level designs use t-tests for analysis.
Multilevel designs typically use one-way ANOVAs for analysis. This allows comparison of different levels of an independent variable.

Presenting the Data: Graphs

Bar graphs and line graphs visualize experimental results.
Choose the appropriate graph based on the data. Line graphs are useful when looking at trends overtime. Bar graphs effectively compare different categories.
An example of data presentation is found in Bransford and Johnson's (1972) study. Their study is an example of a multi-level, independent groups design.

Other Important Considerations

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve illustrates memory retention over time.
Statistical analyses often accompany single-factor ANOVAs for multilevel designs.
Post hoc tests follow ANOVA to compare specific levels.
Many experimental designs have considerations about ethical issues in their treatment variables.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various research designs and statistical methods. This quiz covers matched groups designs, single-factor designs, and the use of dependent and independent variables in experiments. Evaluate your understanding of experimental design concepts and their applications.