Research Methods Quiz 2 Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a systematic review?

  • To provide a narrative description of individual studies
  • To summarize and review studies based on a focused clinical question (correct)
  • To conduct original research based on newly formed hypotheses
  • To analyze a single high-quality study in depth

    • What does the 'C' in the PICO(T) framework represent?

  • Control group
  • Comparison intervention (correct)
  • Cohort definition
  • Clinical outcome

    • What is a meta-analysis?

  • A systematic review that includes statistical methods to combine study results (correct)
  • A qualitative summary of clinical evidence without statistical analysis
  • An exploratory study analyzing a new intervention
  • A preliminary analysis of a single research study's methods

    • What is involved in critically appraising the strength and quality of evidence in a systematic review?

    <p>Evaluating the methodologies and findings of included studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the systematic review process involving the PICO(T) question?

    <p>Developing a hypothesis based on preliminary findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Relative Risk (RR) value of 1 indicate about two groups being compared?

    <p>There is no difference in risk between the exposed and unexposed groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting a systematic review?

    <p>To critically appraise and synthesize evidence quality and strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT a factor in determining the strength and quality of evidence?

    <p>Likelihood ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an Odds Ratio (OR) of less than 1 signify?

    <p>A decreased odds of the event occurring in the treatment group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) calculated?

    <p>ARR = EER - CER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Relative Risk Reduction?

    <p>The percentage of baseline risk removed due to an intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT commonly assessed for internal validity?

    <p>Confidence intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of critical appraisal, applicability of findings refers to what?

    <p>The relevance of findings to the specific practice or PICOT question.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative risk of lung cancer for smokers compared to nonsmokers?

    <p>1.75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sensitivity and specificity typically relate to each other?

    <p>As sensitivity increases, specificity usually decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a test has a sensitivity of 80%, how many true positives can we expect to detect out of 500 patients that have the disease?

    <p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of specificity in the context of diagnostic testing?

    <p>The ability of a test to detect true negatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a population of 1000 patients with 50% prevalence of a disease, how many false negatives would a 99% sensitive test yield?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the expected outcome with a specificity of 75% in a population of 500 non-disease cases?

    <p>375 true negatives and 125 false positives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher odds ratio imply in the context of lung cancer incidence?

    <p>A greater chance of lung cancer in smokers compared to nonsmokers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a diagnostic test has both a sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 99%, how many patients are expected to have correct diagnoses out of 1000 total patients?

    <p>995</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of reviews primarily focus on health care interventions?

    <p>Cochrane Collaborations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of clinical practice guidelines?

    <p>To link research and practice and guide practitioners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes evidence-based practice guidelines?

    <p>Guidelines developed using a scientific process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is NOT considered during the critical appraisal of clinical guidelines?

    <p>The marketing strategies used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the PRISMA tool in systematic reviews?

    <p>To ensure adherence to reporting standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of review involves summarizing existing research without statistical analysis?

    <p>Narrative Review</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary measure of association used in case-control studies?

    <p>Odds ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following criteria is NOT typically assessed in the critical appraisal process?

    <p>Authors' income sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the method of meta-analysis?

    <p>Statistically combining results to answer a focused clinical question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of systematic reviews, the MOOSE tool specifically addresses which type of study?

    <p>Meta-analysis of Observational Studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential in the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs)?

    <p>Addressing systems of care, individual practitioners, and health care cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of Translation of Research into Practice (TRIP) involve?

    <p>Promoting the adoption of EBPs through a multifaceted systemic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does evidence-based practice primarily integrate?

    <p>Individual clinical expertise, patient preferences, and best external evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of translation science in the context of evidence-based practice?

    <p>Testing implementation interventions to enhance evidence uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT a component of the Iowa Model's process for implementing evidence-based practice?

    <p>Refining practice change based on intuition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When forming a team for the Iowa Model, which of the following is essential?

    <p>Including representatives from various disciplines and stakeholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a summary table in evidence retrieval?

    <p>To collate essential information from multiple research articles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Iowa Model, how is the quality of evidence determined during the critique process?

    <p>Using a grading schema that assesses quality and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in making the decision to change practice according to the Iowa Model?

    <p>Consistency and relevance of the evidence to practical applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which implementation strategy aims to enhance the adoption of evidence-based practices?

    <p>Using computer-assisted decision support tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the evaluation phase in the Iowa Model primarily assess?

    <p>The impact of implemented evidence-based practices on outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT addressed when engaging stakeholders in the Iowa Model's implementation process?

    <p>Dictating all changes without their input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a factor influencing the complexity of implementing an evidence-based practice?

    <p>The perceived needs and values of users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge in satisfying EBP expectations?

    <p>Building organizational capacity to sustain changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting an environmental scan during the Iowa Model process?

    <p>Assessing external changes and their impact on the EBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In evidence retrieval, which type of article should be critiqued first for a comprehensive understanding of practice state?

    <p>Clinical articles that detail current practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods

    • Research methods are a module, likely part of a larger course.

    • The quiz 2 review covers hypotheses (research vs null), probability, and p-values.

    • Systematic reviews summarize studies based on specific clinical questions.

    • A meta-analysis is a systematic review that uses statistical methods to synthesize the data from multiple studies.

    • A systematic review starts with a clearly focused clinical question, often referred to as a PICO(T) question.

    • PICO(T) stands for Population, Intervention, Comparison, and (Time).

    • Locating, critically appraising, and synthesizing studies is part of the systematic review process.

    • Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies need to be rigorous for systematic review. Explicit methods are needed to locate and collect eligible studies.

    • Critical appraisal and synthesis of the strength and quality of each individual study is important.

    • Tools from different modules can assist in critical appraisal (quantitative in module 10, qualitative in module 12).

    • The strength and quality of evidence are determined by internal and external validity, sampling styles/concerns, variable measurements, and data analysis.

    • Relevant terminology includes confidence interval, likelihood ratio, predictive value (positive and negative), number needed to treat (NNT), odds ratio, relative risk, sensitivity, and specificity

    • Relative risk is a ratio of probabilities, with 1 representing no difference, less than 1 indicating a reduced risk, and greater than 1 indicating an increased risk

    • Relative risk reduction estimates the percentage of baseline risk removed by a therapy. Calculated as (Experimental group event rate - control group event rate) / control group event rate

    • Odds ratio estimates the odds of an event occurring in a treatment group relative to a control group.

    • Odds ratio is frequently used in non-experimental studies. An OR of 1 indicates no difference in the groups.

    • Odds ratio and relative risk are related but have different formulas

    • Sensitivity measures a test's ability to detect true positives, while specificity measures its ability to detect true negatives.

    • Sensitivity and specificity have an inverse relationship.

    • Predictive value helps clinicians use sensitivity and specificity by determining how likely a positive or negative test result indicates a specific disease state, influenced by the prevalence of the disease in the population.

    • Likelihood ratio describes the probability of a given result occurring in someone with a disease compared to someone without it.

    • Number needed to treat (NNT) measures intervention effectiveness by determining the number of people requiring the intervention for one patient to experience a benefit.

    • Confidence interval (CI) gives a range of values that likely contains the true population parameter.

    • A PRISMA diagram visually represents the flow of information in a systematic review, showing the number of studies included and excluded.

    • Different types of Systematic reviews (e.g. Meta analysis, Integrative review, Rapid, Scoping, Narrative, or Realist Reviews) exist.

    • A meta-analysis uses statistical methods to combine studies to attain a precise estimate of an effect.

    • Meta-analyses use calculated effect sizes, typically obtained by comparing average scores.

    • Forest plots (blobbogram) graphically present meta-analysis results

    • An integrative review critically analyzes an area of research without statistical analysis.

    • Integrative reviews often combine theoretical, methodological, and empirical research literature

    • The Cochrane Collaboration provides a repository of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, focusing on health care interventions.

    • Tools like PRISMA and MOOSE can be used in systematic review work.

    • Clinical practice guidelines present systematically developed statements and recommendations linking research and practice, often for clinicians.

    • Important aspects in Critical appraisal of EB and Clinical Guidelines include matching the PICO question with the review studies, proper use of review methods and methods, clear inclusion/exclusion criteria, analysis of individual studies, methods of study combination, the effect size of collective reviews, relevant conclusions, and possible funding influences

    • EBP: The lowa Model, a process of inquiry with a sequence of steps used to generate, evaluate, and implement EBP changes

    • Strategy 1 (Clinical Inquiry) of the lowa Model focuses on defining a focused clinical question with a PICO framework for formulating the issues

    • Categories in EBP: Therapy, Harm, Diagnosis, and Prognosis

    • Literature search is often affected by info literacy, consultant librarians, and electronic database access and exploration (including e-tutorials).

    • Evidence based practice requires critical appraisal at a variety of steps in the evidence based practice cycle, addressing different types of questions depending on the type of research

    • Implementation strategies (e.g., implementation strategies, communication, addressing users with strategies such as audit/feedback, and engaging with recipients)

    • Key elements in evaluation include using structured approaches, a focus on piloting change for process and outcome measures.

    • Challenges for meeting EBP expectations include building organizational capacity and educating clinicians, leaders, and patients

    • An emerging understanding of translation science improves our ability to effectively apply EBPs.

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    Research Methods PDF

    Description

    This quiz reviews key concepts in research methods, emphasizing hypotheses, probability, and p-values. It also covers systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the PICO(T) framework critical for formulating clinical questions and synthesizing study data. Enhance your understanding of rigorous study appraisal and synthesis processes through this quiz.

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