Research Methods Quiz 2 Review
47 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a systematic review?

  • To provide a narrative description of individual studies
  • To summarize and review studies based on a focused clinical question (correct)
  • To conduct original research based on newly formed hypotheses
  • To analyze a single high-quality study in depth

What does the 'C' in the PICO(T) framework represent?

  • Control group
  • Comparison intervention (correct)
  • Cohort definition
  • Clinical outcome

What is a meta-analysis?

  • A systematic review that includes statistical methods to combine study results (correct)
  • A qualitative summary of clinical evidence without statistical analysis
  • An exploratory study analyzing a new intervention
  • A preliminary analysis of a single research study's methods

What is involved in critically appraising the strength and quality of evidence in a systematic review?

<p>Evaluating the methodologies and findings of included studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the systematic review process involving the PICO(T) question?

<p>Developing a hypothesis based on preliminary findings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Relative Risk (RR) value of 1 indicate about two groups being compared?

<p>There is no difference in risk between the exposed and unexposed groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a systematic review?

<p>To critically appraise and synthesize evidence quality and strength. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT a factor in determining the strength and quality of evidence?

<p>Likelihood ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an Odds Ratio (OR) of less than 1 signify?

<p>A decreased odds of the event occurring in the treatment group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) calculated?

<p>ARR = EER - CER (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Relative Risk Reduction?

<p>The percentage of baseline risk removed due to an intervention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT commonly assessed for internal validity?

<p>Confidence intervals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of critical appraisal, applicability of findings refers to what?

<p>The relevance of findings to the specific practice or PICOT question. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative risk of lung cancer for smokers compared to nonsmokers?

<p>1.75 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sensitivity and specificity typically relate to each other?

<p>As sensitivity increases, specificity usually decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a test has a sensitivity of 80%, how many true positives can we expect to detect out of 500 patients that have the disease?

<p>400 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of specificity in the context of diagnostic testing?

<p>The ability of a test to detect true negatives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a population of 1000 patients with 50% prevalence of a disease, how many false negatives would a 99% sensitive test yield?

<p>5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the expected outcome with a specificity of 75% in a population of 500 non-disease cases?

<p>375 true negatives and 125 false positives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher odds ratio imply in the context of lung cancer incidence?

<p>A greater chance of lung cancer in smokers compared to nonsmokers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a diagnostic test has both a sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 99%, how many patients are expected to have correct diagnoses out of 1000 total patients?

<p>995 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of reviews primarily focus on health care interventions?

<p>Cochrane Collaborations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of clinical practice guidelines?

<p>To link research and practice and guide practitioners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes evidence-based practice guidelines?

<p>Guidelines developed using a scientific process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is NOT considered during the critical appraisal of clinical guidelines?

<p>The marketing strategies used (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the PRISMA tool in systematic reviews?

<p>To ensure adherence to reporting standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of review involves summarizing existing research without statistical analysis?

<p>Narrative Review (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measure of association used in case-control studies?

<p>Odds ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criteria is NOT typically assessed in the critical appraisal process?

<p>Authors' income sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the method of meta-analysis?

<p>Statistically combining results to answer a focused clinical question (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of systematic reviews, the MOOSE tool specifically addresses which type of study?

<p>Meta-analysis of Observational Studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential in the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs)?

<p>Addressing systems of care, individual practitioners, and health care cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of Translation of Research into Practice (TRIP) involve?

<p>Promoting the adoption of EBPs through a multifaceted systemic approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does evidence-based practice primarily integrate?

<p>Individual clinical expertise, patient preferences, and best external evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of translation science in the context of evidence-based practice?

<p>Testing implementation interventions to enhance evidence uptake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT a component of the Iowa Model's process for implementing evidence-based practice?

<p>Refining practice change based on intuition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When forming a team for the Iowa Model, which of the following is essential?

<p>Including representatives from various disciplines and stakeholders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a summary table in evidence retrieval?

<p>To collate essential information from multiple research articles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Iowa Model, how is the quality of evidence determined during the critique process?

<p>Using a grading schema that assesses quality and strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor in making the decision to change practice according to the Iowa Model?

<p>Consistency and relevance of the evidence to practical applications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which implementation strategy aims to enhance the adoption of evidence-based practices?

<p>Using computer-assisted decision support tools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the evaluation phase in the Iowa Model primarily assess?

<p>The impact of implemented evidence-based practices on outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT addressed when engaging stakeholders in the Iowa Model's implementation process?

<p>Dictating all changes without their input (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a factor influencing the complexity of implementing an evidence-based practice?

<p>The perceived needs and values of users (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in satisfying EBP expectations?

<p>Building organizational capacity to sustain changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting an environmental scan during the Iowa Model process?

<p>Assessing external changes and their impact on the EBP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evidence retrieval, which type of article should be critiqued first for a comprehensive understanding of practice state?

<p>Clinical articles that detail current practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Type 1 Error

Rejecting a true null hypothesis

Type 2 Error

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis

PICO(T) question

A focused question used to guide a systematic review.

Systematic Review

Comprehensive summary of studies on a specific topic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meta-analysis

Systematic review that statistically combines results of individual studies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Risk

The probability of an outcome for an exposed group compared to an unexposed group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Risk Reduction

The percentage of baseline risk removed by a therapy/intervention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Odds Ratio

Estimates event odds in a treatment group compared to a control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confidence Interval

Range of values likely to contain the true value of an effect.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internal Validity

The degree to which study results indicate a causal relationship.

Signup and view all the flashcards

External Validity

The extent to which study findings generalize to other populations and settings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sample Concerns

Issues related to how a study’s participants were selected which could impact its results.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Systematic Review process

Critically appraising and synthesizing evidence from studies, considering various factors like validity and methodology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Risk

The ratio of the risk of an event (like disease) in one group compared to another (e.g., smokers vs. nonsmokers).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensitivity

Probability that a test will correctly identify someone with a disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Specificity

Probability that a test will correctly identify someone without a disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

True Positive

A test result that correctly identifies someone with a disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

False Negative

A test result that incorrectly identifies someone without a disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

False Positive

A test result that incorrectly identifies someone with a disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

True Negative

A test result that correctly identifies someone without a disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Odds Ratio

The ratio of the odds of an event in one group compared to the odds in another group (e.g., smokers vs. nonsmokers).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Odds Ratio in Case-Control Studies

The measure of association that best describes the relationship between exposure and outcome in case-control studies, estimating the odds of exposure in cases compared to controls

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meta-Analysis

A research method combining multiple studies (usually clinical trials) to answer a focused question, objectively evaluating research evidence and results.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

Integrating patient preferences with clinical expertise and the best available research evidence to guide clinical decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Developing EBP Implementation

Using strategies to integrate evidence-based practices into healthcare systems, addressing systems, practitioners, leadership, and culture to successfully translate research into action.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Translation of Research into Practice (TRIP)

A multi-faceted, systemic approach to encourage the application of evidence-based practices within healthcare services, going beyond guideline dissemination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Integrative Review

A review of studies, critiqued for bias and scientific rigor, going beyond statistical analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cochrane Collaboration

Large repository of systematic reviews, focusing on healthcare interventions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Systematic Review Tools

Methods like PRISMA and MOOSE to guide the process of summarizing many studies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Statements/recommendations linking research & practice, for expert-driven healthcare.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Critical Appraisal (EBP)

Assessing guidelines or reviews, checking for things like quality, bias, relevance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PICO question match

Ensuring the review studies directly address the research question (PICO).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evidence Grading Methods

Methods used to evaluate strength of evidence when assessing the studies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Conclusions (Review)

Evaluating if the conclusions from the review studies are based on the evidence and support the recommendations

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Using the best available research evidence along with clinical expertise and patient preferences to make healthcare decisions

Signup and view all the flashcards

Iowa Model

A step-by-step process for implementing EBP in practice

Signup and view all the flashcards

Translation Science

Research on how to put research findings into practice for better patient care and community health

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conduct of Research

Systematic studies to answer questions and test ideas that improve medical knowledge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

EBP Team

Interdisciplinary group working together to implement evidence-based changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evidence Retrieval

Finding relevant research articles, guidelines, and reports for practice improvements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Research Critique

Evaluating the quality and strength of a study.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Implementation Strategies

Methods for putting evidence-based changes into everyday practice

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organizational Capacity

The ability of an organization to use EBP effectively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Patient Engagement

Involving patients and families in EBP implementation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evaluation of EBP

Assessing the impact of the implemented changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Question

A specific question to be answered by research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Literature Review

Summary of existing research on a defined topic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Research Recommendations

Suggestions for how evidence from research can be put into practice.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Practice Change Decision

The decision to change healthcare practices based on research evidence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Research Methods

  • Research methods are a module, likely part of a larger course.

  • The quiz 2 review covers hypotheses (research vs null), probability, and p-values.

  • Systematic reviews summarize studies based on specific clinical questions.

  • A meta-analysis is a systematic review that uses statistical methods to synthesize the data from multiple studies.

  • A systematic review starts with a clearly focused clinical question, often referred to as a PICO(T) question.

  • PICO(T) stands for Population, Intervention, Comparison, and (Time).

  • Locating, critically appraising, and synthesizing studies is part of the systematic review process.

  • Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies need to be rigorous for systematic review. Explicit methods are needed to locate and collect eligible studies.

  • Critical appraisal and synthesis of the strength and quality of each individual study is important.

  • Tools from different modules can assist in critical appraisal (quantitative in module 10, qualitative in module 12).

  • The strength and quality of evidence are determined by internal and external validity, sampling styles/concerns, variable measurements, and data analysis.

  • Relevant terminology includes confidence interval, likelihood ratio, predictive value (positive and negative), number needed to treat (NNT), odds ratio, relative risk, sensitivity, and specificity

  • Relative risk is a ratio of probabilities, with 1 representing no difference, less than 1 indicating a reduced risk, and greater than 1 indicating an increased risk

  • Relative risk reduction estimates the percentage of baseline risk removed by a therapy. Calculated as (Experimental group event rate - control group event rate) / control group event rate

  • Odds ratio estimates the odds of an event occurring in a treatment group relative to a control group.

  • Odds ratio is frequently used in non-experimental studies. An OR of 1 indicates no difference in the groups.

  • Odds ratio and relative risk are related but have different formulas

  • Sensitivity measures a test's ability to detect true positives, while specificity measures its ability to detect true negatives.

  • Sensitivity and specificity have an inverse relationship.

  • Predictive value helps clinicians use sensitivity and specificity by determining how likely a positive or negative test result indicates a specific disease state, influenced by the prevalence of the disease in the population.

  • Likelihood ratio describes the probability of a given result occurring in someone with a disease compared to someone without it.

  • Number needed to treat (NNT) measures intervention effectiveness by determining the number of people requiring the intervention for one patient to experience a benefit.

  • Confidence interval (CI) gives a range of values that likely contains the true population parameter.

  • A PRISMA diagram visually represents the flow of information in a systematic review, showing the number of studies included and excluded.

  • Different types of Systematic reviews (e.g. Meta analysis, Integrative review, Rapid, Scoping, Narrative, or Realist Reviews) exist.

  • A meta-analysis uses statistical methods to combine studies to attain a precise estimate of an effect.

  • Meta-analyses use calculated effect sizes, typically obtained by comparing average scores.

  • Forest plots (blobbogram) graphically present meta-analysis results

  • An integrative review critically analyzes an area of research without statistical analysis.

  • Integrative reviews often combine theoretical, methodological, and empirical research literature

  • The Cochrane Collaboration provides a repository of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, focusing on health care interventions.

  • Tools like PRISMA and MOOSE can be used in systematic review work.

  • Clinical practice guidelines present systematically developed statements and recommendations linking research and practice, often for clinicians.

  • Important aspects in Critical appraisal of EB and Clinical Guidelines include matching the PICO question with the review studies, proper use of review methods and methods, clear inclusion/exclusion criteria, analysis of individual studies, methods of study combination, the effect size of collective reviews, relevant conclusions, and possible funding influences

  • EBP: The lowa Model, a process of inquiry with a sequence of steps used to generate, evaluate, and implement EBP changes

  • Strategy 1 (Clinical Inquiry) of the lowa Model focuses on defining a focused clinical question with a PICO framework for formulating the issues

  • Categories in EBP: Therapy, Harm, Diagnosis, and Prognosis

  • Literature search is often affected by info literacy, consultant librarians, and electronic database access and exploration (including e-tutorials).

  • Evidence based practice requires critical appraisal at a variety of steps in the evidence based practice cycle, addressing different types of questions depending on the type of research

  • Implementation strategies (e.g., implementation strategies, communication, addressing users with strategies such as audit/feedback, and engaging with recipients)

  • Key elements in evaluation include using structured approaches, a focus on piloting change for process and outcome measures.

  • Challenges for meeting EBP expectations include building organizational capacity and educating clinicians, leaders, and patients

  • An emerging understanding of translation science improves our ability to effectively apply EBPs.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Research Methods PDF

Description

This quiz reviews key concepts in research methods, emphasizing hypotheses, probability, and p-values. It also covers systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the PICO(T) framework critical for formulating clinical questions and synthesizing study data. Enhance your understanding of rigorous study appraisal and synthesis processes through this quiz.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser