Research Methods Midterm - Semester 8
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Questions and Answers

What is a key aspect of informed consent in research methodology?

  • Participants must continue until the study is complete.
  • Participants permanently commit to the study.
  • Participants are free to withdraw at any time. (correct)
  • Participants must provide a monetary contribution.

Which research design is best suited to assess the efficacy of a new drug compared to an existing one?

  • Cross sectional study
  • Case control study
  • RCT (correct)
  • Cohort study

What does a double-blind study aim to eliminate?

  • Intervention from external factors
  • Bias from participants only
  • Random assignment of participants
  • Awareness of treatment by both participants and experimenters (correct)

What is the primary characteristic of quantitative data in research?

<p>Statistical analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes case control studies?

<p>They assess outcome first to find risk factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that distinguishes quantitative data from other types?

<p>It is based on numerical data quantifiable for analysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acronym represents the board that oversees ethical considerations in research?

<p>Internal Review Board (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential outcome relationship is indicated when a risk factor precedes the outcome?

<p>Causative relationship over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of obtaining informed consent in research with human participants?

<p>It allows participants to withdraw from the study at any time without consequences. (B), It ensures participants are aware of their rights and the nature of the research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research study begins when both the exposure and outcome have already occurred?

<p>Retrospective cohort study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'experimental bias' refer to in research?

<p>The influence of participants' expectations on the results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case-control studies, what is the primary focus?

<p>To compare subjects with a condition to those without it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using secondary data in research?

<p>It may not be tailored to the specific research question. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

<p>Participants are assigned to groups through randomization for comparison. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to include in informed consent during an experiment?

<p>A description of the procedures the participant will encounter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'h-index' typically measure in academic research?

<p>An author's productivity and citation impact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of a randomized controlled trial evaluates long-term drug effectiveness and safety?

<p>Phase 4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does selection bias refer to in research?

<p>Participants not representative of the target population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern when appraising a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

<p>Benefits versus harms involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design is characterized by comparing two groups differing in the outcome of interest?

<p>Case-control study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the placebo effect in experimental research?

<p>Change in condition without active treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically measured by a journal's impact factor?

<p>Peer review process efficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of blinding in a randomized controlled trial?

<p>To minimize biases in data collection and analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of a case-control study design?

<p>Selection of participants based on exposure status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Informed Consent

Participants are told of study details and free to withdraw.

Research Protocol Timing

Research protocol timing includes timelines for data collection, report submission, and progress reports; not ethical guidelines.

Double-Blind Study

A study where neither the participant nor the researcher knows which group the participant belongs to (to avoid bias).

Hypothesis

A testable statement or explanation that can be proven true or false.

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Risk Factor Precedes Outcome

The risk factor occurs before the outcome of interest in time.

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Positivism Founder

Auguste Comte is considered the founder of positivism.

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Hypothesis or Research Question

A possible explanation for something we're investigating (the hypothesis) or a question guiding investigation of an issue (research question).

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Cohort Study

Study that tracks a group of people over time to see if a risk factor is associated with a disease.

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Confounding Bias

A factor that influences both the exposure and the outcome, incorrectly appearing to cause the outcome.

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H-index

A metric measuring an author's productivity and impact based on citations and publications.

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Secondary Data

Existing data collected for a different purpose, but useful for a new research question.

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Validity and Reliability

Validity: Does a study measure what it's supposed to? Reliability: Can the study be repeated consistently?

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Open Questions

Questions allowing for a wide range of responses and personal expression.

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Phase 4 of RCT

The stage of a clinical trial focusing on long-term effects, safety and effectiveness of a drug.

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Retrospective Cohort Study

Study where both exposure and outcome have already occurred, following a group backward in time.

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SPSS

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, a software used for data analysis.

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Placebo Effect

When a participant improves because they believe they're receiving a treatment, even if it's just a sugar pill.

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Anonymity in Research

Participants' identities are kept secret, even from the researchers, ensuring complete privacy.

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Critical Appraisal of RCTs

Evaluating the quality of a randomized controlled trial by considering factors like blinding, randomization, and benefit-harm balance.

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Journal Impact Factor

Measures how often papers published in a specific journal are cited by other researchers, reflecting its influence in the field.

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Declaration of Helsinki

A set of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, developed by the World Medical Association.

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Tuckman's 'Performing' Stage

The stage in Tuckman's group development model where the group functions effectively, achieving its goals with consensus and cooperation.

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Selection Bias

A bias that occurs when the participants in a study are not randomly chosen, leading to an unrepresentative sample.

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Study Notes

Research Midterm and Final Exam Semester 8

  • Healthy work effect bias type: Confounding bias
  • H-index: Measures both productivity and citation impact of publications, best for comparing scholars in the same field
  • Secondary data: Existing data
  • Study validity and reliability concerns: Questionnaire, sampling procedure, and interviewing process
  • Open questions advantage: Respondents freely express themselves, potential for bias is higher.
  • Confounder definition: A factor associated with the outcome and exposure, on the causal pathway between exposure and outcome.
  • RCT phase for long-term drug effects: Phase 4
  • Retrospective cohort study: Study starts when exposure and outcome already occurred, exposure necessarily precedes the outcome.
  • SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
  • Meaning of "scientia": Knowledge
  • Ethical guideline (not) in research: Telling participants they must continue until study completes.
  • Research protocol timing section exlusions: Deadlines for submitting the final report
  • Bias avoidance technique: Double-blind study
  • Filling the blank(s): "testing--rejecting" (objectives)
  • Risk factor and outcome relationship: Risk factor precedes results
  • Founder of positivism: Auguste Comte
  • Possible explanation (that may or may not be agreed): Hypothesis
  • Case referent studies also known as: Case-control studies
  • Quantitative Data: Numerical data

Additional Notes

  • IRB: Institutional Review Board
  • Cohort study advantages: Effective for studying rare exposures/diseases, relative risk can be directly calculated
  • Drug efficacy study design: Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
  • Researcher and staff undisclosed participant information: Anonymity
  • Effect of a sugar pill on improvement: Placebo effect
  • Informed consent elements: Description of procedures, experiment details, and study duration.
  • RCT critical appraisal aspects: Benefit vs. harm, blinding, and randomization
  • Journal impact factor measure: How frequently researchers cite papers from the journal; how many papers are published per year
  • Secondary data least efficient use: Formulating hypotheses
  • Organizational chart characteristic (no longer): Shows workload of each personnel
  • Sampling types: Cluster, stratified, and systematic sampling are non-random. Random sampling is another type
  • Fundamental research ability: Synthesize new ideas

Additional Notes (Continued)

  • Research problem (heterogeneous population sampling): Stratified sampling

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Research Midterm and Final Exam Semester 8 PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in research methods and statistics relevant to Semester 8. Topics include confounding bias, H-index, validity and reliability of studies, and various study designs. Test your knowledge on essential tools like SPSS and ethical guidelines in research.

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