Research Methods in Social Sciences
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of observational research?

  • Determining causation through extensive testing
  • Manipulating variables to study outcomes
  • Conducting experiments in controlled environments
  • Analyzing existing conditions without manipulation (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a type of case-control study?

  • Retrospective
  • Longitudinal (correct)
  • Cross-sectional
  • Prospective

In the context of research design, what is a key characteristic of quasi-experiments?

  • They lack a randomized assignment of participants. (correct)
  • They provide high levels of control over variables.
  • They are conducted in laboratory settings exclusively.
  • They always manipulate the independent variable.

What is a strength of case-control studies?

<p>They are cost-efficient and useful for rare conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to gather data in operationalization?

<p>Surveys or physiological responses to measure concepts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant weakness of case-control studies?

<p>They cannot establish direct causality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes efficacy studies from effectiveness studies?

<p>Effectiveness studies occur in real-world clinical settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of cohort study designs?

<p>They follow groups over time to see developments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strength of cohort designs in developmental studies?

<p>They provide a clear timeline for causal inferences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor poses a challenge in cohort studies, potentially leading to skewed results?

<p>Participant attrition over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical issue that researchers must address when developing observational studies?

<p>Clear definition of the constructs being studied. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohort effects can lead to issues in research design because they can:

<p>Skew results specific to the group being studied. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cohort studies, protective factors are defined as:

<p>Characteristics that reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a weakness of cohort designs?

<p>They can take a long time to observe meaningful outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When selecting groups for observational studies, it is essential to:

<p>Match control groups with experimental groups to minimize bias. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of observational studies helps in establishing causal inference?

<p>Establishing a clear timeline of events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary strength of cohort studies?

<p>They provide a timeline for causality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a critical issue in observational studies?

<p>Ensuring ethical approval is obtained. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a case-control study from a cohort study?

<p>Case-control studies focus on outcomes while cohort studies follow participants over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a weakness commonly associated with cohort studies?

<p>They can have low occurrence rates of certain outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of observational research, what does 'group selection' imply?

<p>Choosing a sample that accurately represents the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark feature of prospective longitudinal studies?

<p>They follow participants over time before any outcomes happen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of attrition in cohort studies?

<p>It can introduce bias and affect results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of studies involve studying multiple age groups simultaneously?

<p>Accelerated multicohort studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Research Ideas

Starting point of research, exploring concepts through case studies, special groups, or prior studies.

Operationalization

Turning abstract ideas into measurable concepts in research, avoiding oversimplification.

True Experiment

Research with high control, often conducted in labs.

Quasi-Experiment

Research with less control when true experiments aren't possible.

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Case-Control Study

Comparing groups with and without a condition to identify possible causes

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Observational Research

Examining existing conditions without manipulating variables; includes case-control and cohort designs.

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Cross-sectional study

Observational research looking at data at one specific time.

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Retrospective study

Observational research examining past factors related to current outcomes (e.g., from the past).

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Cohort Design

A research design that studies different age groups (cohorts) simultaneously to observe developmental changes over time.

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Longitudinal Study

A type of cohort design that follows the same group of individuals over a long period, tracking changes and relationships between variables.

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Protective Factor

A characteristic that reduces the likelihood of negative outcomes in high-risk populations.

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Cohort Effects

The specific experiences and influences unique to a particular generation that can affect research outcomes.

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Time-intensive

A characteristic of cohort studies that describes their need for extended periods of observation.

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Attrition

The loss of participants in a study over time, which can bias results.

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Confound

A factor that can influence both the independent and dependent variables in a study, potentially causing misleading results.

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Cohort Study

A study that follows groups of individuals over time to see how outcomes develop. This allows researchers to track changes and potential relationships between factors.

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Single-Group Cohort Study

A cohort study that focuses on a single group, tracking its changes over time. Useful for understanding how a specific group evolves.

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Multigroup Cohort Study

A cohort study that compares multiple groups exposed to different conditions, allowing researchers to examine how exposures might influence outcomes.

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Cohort Study Strength: Timeline

Cohort studies provide a clear timeline of events, helping researchers understand the sequence of factors and outcomes.

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Cohort Study Weakness: Time & Cost

Cohort studies can be very time-consuming and expensive to conduct, especially if they follow participants for long periods.

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Cohort Study Weakness: Attrition

Cohort studies face the challenge of participant loss (attrition), which can impact the study's findings.

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Prospective Longitudinal Study

A cohort study where participants are tracked over time before an outcome occurs, allowing for identification of risk factors and protective factors.

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Accelerated Multicohort Study

A cohort study that examines multiple age groups simultaneously to cover a broader time range quickly.

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Study Notes

Research Ideas, Design, and Operationalization

  • Research starts with curiosity, exploring concepts through case studies, special populations, subtypes, or previous studies.
  • Understanding relationships between variables (e.g., risk factors, moderators, mediators) is a foundation for a study.
  • Operationalization turns abstract ideas into measurable concepts, avoiding oversimplification or adding unnecessary features.
  • For example, "stress" can be measured via surveys or physiological responses.
  • Research types include true experiments (high control, often in labs), quasi-experiments (less control), and case-control designs (comparing groups with and without a condition).
  • Research conditions are contrasted, such as laboratory vs applied research (real-world settings), and analogue vs clinical research (simplified vs real cases).
  • Efficacy (controlled environments) versus effectiveness (real-world clinical settings) in treatment tests.

Observational Research and Case-Control Studies

  • Observational research focuses on observing and analyzing existing conditions, rather than manipulating variables.
  • Case-control studies compare individuals with a condition (cases) to those without (controls).
  • Case-control studies can be cross-sectional (data collected at one point in time) or retrospective (examining past factors to explain outcomes).
  • Cohort studies follow groups over time to observe the development of outcomes.
  • Cohort studies can be single-group or multigroup designs, comparing groups based on different risk exposures.

Advanced Observational Research and Cohort Studies

  • Specifying constructs (clearly defining variables) is crucial for observational studies.
  • Properly selecting groups (representative samples avoiding bias) is necessary for valid results.
  • A clear timeline is important in establishing causality, especially in retrospective analysis.
  • Cohort designs are adept at tracking long-term effects and establishing causality, but can be time-consuming and expensive.
  • Observational designs may rely heavily on data collection and study participants at different timelines.

Observational Research Overview

  • Observational research examines existing conditions without manipulation and explores associations to generate hypotheses and understand outcomes in real-world settings.

Case-Control Designs in Detail

  • These studies compare two groups—cases (individuals with a condition) and controls (without).
  • Cross-sectional studies gather data at one point in time—e.g., comparing stress levels in groups with and without anxiety.
  • Retrospective approaches analyze past conditions—e.g., studying early attachment in suicidal vs non-suicidal youth.

Cohort Designs

  • Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time to observe how outcomes develop.
  • Single-group cohorts share a common characteristic, like birth year.
  • Multigroup cohorts compare different exposure groups.
  • Accelerated multicohort designs observe groups at different ages simultaneously to cover time frames rapidly.

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Related Documents

Lessons 7, 8, 9, and 10 Research Designs PDF

Description

Explore foundational concepts in research methods, focusing on operationalization and study designs. This quiz covers various research types, conditions, and the distinctions between efficacy and effectiveness in treatment tests. Test your understanding of how abstract ideas become measurable within social science research.

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