Research Methods in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What is a Hypothesis?

  • A variable in an experiment
  • A prediction about what will happen in the experiment (correct)
  • A guess with no scientific basis
  • A conclusion based on data analysis

A Hypothesis must be able to be proven what?

  • Falsifiable (correct)
  • Measurable
  • True
  • Plausible

Is this a Hypothesis: Drinking coffee will increase happiness levels.

True (A)

What is an Independent Variable (IV)?

<p>The variable that the researcher changes or manipulates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of variable is: Giving coffee or no coffee to participants?

<p>Independent Variable (IV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of variable is: Participants' happiness levels after drinking coffee in a study?

<p>Dependent Variable (DV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Subject Variable (SV)?

<p>Characteristics of participants that cannot be manipulated (e.g., age, gender, hair color) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Outcome Variable (OV)?

<p>Similar to Dependent Variable but used with Subject Variables to measure results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Between-Subjects Design?

<p>Each participant is assigned to only one condition of the IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Pro of Between-Subjects Design?

<p>No order effects in that participants only experience one condition of the IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is an example of what type of study: A researcher divides participants into groups based on hair color (red, blonde, brunette) and sends them to different parties to measure their fun levels.

<p>Between-Subjects Design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Advantage of Within-Subjects Design:

<p>Fewer participants needed and no individual differences between groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is an example of what kind of study: The same group of participants drinks coffee on Day 1 and no coffee on Day 2, and their happiness levels are measured each day.

<p>Within-Subjects Design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about what will happen in an experiment.

Falsifiable Hypothesis

A hypothesis that can be proven wrong.

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that the researcher changes or manipulates.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The outcome the researcher measures to see the effect of the IV.

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Subject Variable (SV)

Characteristics of participants that cannot be manipulated (e.g., age, gender).

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Outcome Variable (OV)

Similar to DV but commonly used with subject variables to measure results.

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Between-Subjects Design

Each participant is assigned to only one condition of the IV.

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Within-Subjects Design

Each participant experiences all levels of the IV.

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Pro of Between-Subjects Design

No order effects on participants as they only experience one condition.

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Con of Between-Subjects Design

More participants needed than other designs.

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Pro of Within-Subjects Design

Fewer participants needed.

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Con of Within-Subjects Design

Order effects: participants' experiences may influence results.

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Independent Variable Example

Giving coffee or not giving coffee in a happiness experiment.

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Dependent Variable Example

Happiness levels after drinking coffee or no coffee.

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Subject Variable Example

Hair color in a study on happiness.

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Outcome Variable Example

Happiness level in a study on coffee and happiness.

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Levels (Example)

Different values of an independent variable , like "coffee" and "no coffee".

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Experimental Design

A scientific approach to study the relationship between two variables.

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Example of Between-Subjects Design

Different groups for different hair colors.

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Example of Within-Subjects Design

Same participants exposed to different conditions (with and without coffee).

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Study Notes

Hypothesis

  • A prediction about what will happen in an experiment
  • A guess with no scientific basis
  • A conclusion based on data analysis
  • A variable in an experiment
  • A hypothesis must be falsifiable
  • Example hypothesis: "Drinking coffee will increase happiness levels."

Independent Variable (IV)

  • The variable the researcher changes or manipulates
  • The variable affected by the manipulation is the dependent variable
  • Example: Giving coffee or no coffee to participants.

Dependent Variable (DV)

  • The outcome the researcher measures to see the effect of the IV
  • Example: Participants' happiness levels after drinking coffee

Subject Variable (SV)

  • Characteristics of participants that cannot be manipulated (e.g., age, gender, hair color)
  • Example: Hair color.

Outcome Variable (OV)

  • Similar to DV, but often used with Subject Variables
  • Example: Amount of fun

Between-Subjects Design

  • Each participant is assigned to only one condition of the IV
  • No order effects in that one condition only is given.
  • Lots of participants are needed to run the study.

Within-Subjects Design

  • Each participant experiences all levels of the IV
  • Fewer participants needed and no individual differences between groups

External Variables

  • Factors in a study, other than what is being tested that may affect the outcome.
  • Example: experimenter bias

Type 1 Error

  • The researcher rejects the null hypothesis, but it's actually true.

Type 2 Error

  • The researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis, but it's actually false.

Alpha (α)

  • The probability of error in a statistical decision
  • Typically, this is 5%.

Directional Hypothesis

  • Specifies the direction of the effect.
  • Example: "Coffee increases happiness."

Non-Directional Hypothesis

  • States there's an effect but doesn't specify direction.
  • Example: "Coffee affects happiness levels."

One-tailed Test

  • Predicts the direction of the effect
  • e.g. babies will be released earlier if they have massages

Two-tailed Test

  • Predicts there is a difference but not the direction
  • e.g. is there a difference between night and day students in class attendance?

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in research methods, including hypothesis formation, variables, and experimental design. It's designed to help you understand the differences between independent and dependent variables, subject variables, and the structure of between-subjects design.

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