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Questions and Answers
What is a Hypothesis?
What is a Hypothesis?
A Hypothesis must be able to be proven what?
A Hypothesis must be able to be proven what?
Is this a Hypothesis: Drinking coffee will increase happiness levels.
Is this a Hypothesis: Drinking coffee will increase happiness levels.
True
What is an Independent Variable (IV)?
What is an Independent Variable (IV)?
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What kind of variable is: Giving coffee or no coffee to participants?
What kind of variable is: Giving coffee or no coffee to participants?
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What kind of variable is: Participants' happiness levels after drinking coffee in a study?
What kind of variable is: Participants' happiness levels after drinking coffee in a study?
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What is a Subject Variable (SV)?
What is a Subject Variable (SV)?
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What is an Outcome Variable (OV)?
What is an Outcome Variable (OV)?
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What is a Between-Subjects Design?
What is a Between-Subjects Design?
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What is a Pro of Between-Subjects Design?
What is a Pro of Between-Subjects Design?
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This is an example of what type of study: A researcher divides participants into groups based on hair color (red, blonde, brunette) and sends them to different parties to measure their fun levels.
This is an example of what type of study: A researcher divides participants into groups based on hair color (red, blonde, brunette) and sends them to different parties to measure their fun levels.
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Advantage of Within-Subjects Design:
Advantage of Within-Subjects Design:
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This is an example of what kind of study: The same group of participants drinks coffee on Day 1 and no coffee on Day 2, and their happiness levels are measured each day.
This is an example of what kind of study: The same group of participants drinks coffee on Day 1 and no coffee on Day 2, and their happiness levels are measured each day.
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Study Notes
Hypothesis
- A prediction about what will happen in an experiment
- A guess with no scientific basis
- A conclusion based on data analysis
- A variable in an experiment
- A hypothesis must be falsifiable
- Example hypothesis: "Drinking coffee will increase happiness levels."
Independent Variable (IV)
- The variable the researcher changes or manipulates
- The variable affected by the manipulation is the dependent variable
- Example: Giving coffee or no coffee to participants.
Dependent Variable (DV)
- The outcome the researcher measures to see the effect of the IV
- Example: Participants' happiness levels after drinking coffee
Subject Variable (SV)
- Characteristics of participants that cannot be manipulated (e.g., age, gender, hair color)
- Example: Hair color.
Outcome Variable (OV)
- Similar to DV, but often used with Subject Variables
- Example: Amount of fun
Between-Subjects Design
- Each participant is assigned to only one condition of the IV
- No order effects in that one condition only is given.
- Lots of participants are needed to run the study.
Within-Subjects Design
- Each participant experiences all levels of the IV
- Fewer participants needed and no individual differences between groups
External Variables
- Factors in a study, other than what is being tested that may affect the outcome.
- Example: experimenter bias
Type 1 Error
- The researcher rejects the null hypothesis, but it's actually true.
Type 2 Error
- The researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis, but it's actually false.
Alpha (α)
- The probability of error in a statistical decision
- Typically, this is 5%.
Directional Hypothesis
- Specifies the direction of the effect.
- Example: "Coffee increases happiness."
Non-Directional Hypothesis
- States there's an effect but doesn't specify direction.
- Example: "Coffee affects happiness levels."
One-tailed Test
- Predicts the direction of the effect
- e.g. babies will be released earlier if they have massages
Two-tailed Test
- Predicts there is a difference but not the direction
- e.g. is there a difference between night and day students in class attendance?
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in research methods, including hypothesis formation, variables, and experimental design. It's designed to help you understand the differences between independent and dependent variables, subject variables, and the structure of between-subjects design.
