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Questions and Answers
What type of reinforcement involves adding a reward to increase a behavior?
What type of reinforcement involves adding a reward to increase a behavior?
Stimulus generalization occurs when a specific stimulus is the only one to elicit a conditioned response.
Stimulus generalization occurs when a specific stimulus is the only one to elicit a conditioned response.
False
What is the Law of Effect in instrumental conditioning?
What is the Law of Effect in instrumental conditioning?
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated.
In positive punishment, an unpleasant stimulus is ______ to decrease a behavior.
In positive punishment, an unpleasant stimulus is ______ to decrease a behavior.
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Match the type of reinforcement or punishment with its example:
Match the type of reinforcement or punishment with its example:
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Which of the following best defines a dependent variable?
Which of the following best defines a dependent variable?
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In a between-participant design, the same participants are assigned to all conditions of the independent variable.
In a between-participant design, the same participants are assigned to all conditions of the independent variable.
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What is the prime factor that defines a confounding variable?
What is the prime factor that defines a confounding variable?
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The _____ is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
The _____ is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the p-value significance threshold commonly used in research?
What is the p-value significance threshold commonly used in research?
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In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery occurs immediately after extinction occurs.
In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery occurs immediately after extinction occurs.
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Identify an example of an unconditioned response.
Identify an example of an unconditioned response.
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Study Notes
Research Methods
- Independent Variable (IV): The factor researchers change to see its impact. Example: study time (variable hours) in a test performance study.
- Dependent Variable (DV): The measured outcome affected by the IV. Example: test scores.
- Confounding Variable: Factors besides the IV that might influence the DV. Example: sleep quality impacting test results in a study on studying methods.
- Within-Participant Design: One group experiences all conditions of the IV. Example: Measuring reaction times before and after caffeine for a group.
- Between-Participant Design: Different groups experience different IV conditions. Example: One group studies with music, another without, comparing impact.
- T-Test: A statistical test to see if differences between two groups are meaningful. Example: Comparing test scores between two teaching methods.
- P-Value: The likelihood of results if the 'no difference' assumption is true; significant if below 0.05.
Classical Conditioning
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response. Example: food causing salivation.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): Automatic response to the US. Example: salivating at food.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus associated with the US. Example: a bell paired with food.
- Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the CS. Example: salivating at the bell's sound.
- Acquisition: Forming the association between CS and US. Example: Repeatedly pairing bell and food.
- Extinction: Reducing CR when CS is presented without US. Example: No salivation when bell rings without food.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished CR after a break.
- Stimulus Generalization: Similar stimuli elicit the CR. Example: Salivating at different bell sounds.
- Stimulus Discrimination: Distinguishing between CS and other stimuli. Example: Salivating only at a specific bell sound.
Instrumental Conditioning
- Law of Effect: Behaviors with positive consequences are repeated, negative consequences lead to less repetition.
- Positive Reinforcement: Giving a reward to increase a behavior. Example: Candy for cleaning a room.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing negative stimulus to increase behavior. Example: Alarms stop when the seatbelt is fastened.
- Positive Punishment: Adding unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior. Example: Speeding ticket.
- Negative Punishment: Removing pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior. Example: Removing a toy for hitting.
- Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of actions. Example: Bonus after 10 sales.
- Variable Ratio: Reinforcement following a changing number of behaviors. Example: Slot machine win.
- Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a specific time. Example: Weekly paycheck.
- Variable Interval: Reinforcement after changing time periods. Example: Unpredictable pop quizzes.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of research methods in psychology through this quiz. Delve into concepts such as independent and dependent variables, confounding variables, and different experimental designs. Test your understanding of statistical concepts like T-tests and P-values as you navigate through these essential research principles.
