Research Methods in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of ordinal data?

  • IQ scores
  • Income levels
  • Temperature in Celsius
  • Ranks of professors (correct)

    • What characteristic defines interval data?

  • Contains arbitrary zero point
  • Differences between numbers are constant (correct)
  • Categories imply ranking
  • Measured in whole units only

    • In the provided demographic data, what percentage of the total respondents were female?

  • 34.56%
  • 57.19% (correct)
  • 43.2%
  • 56.8%

    • How many males were reported among the nurses in the research sample?

    <p>140</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the data sample is true?

    <p>The total number of respondents was 327.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research lacks randomization to treatment groups?

    <p>Quasi experimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the research process is the data analyzed?

    <p>The Analytic phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative research?

    <p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nonexperimental research primarily involve?

    <p>Natural settings without manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental property that true experimental research possesses?

    <p>Randomization to treatment groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase in the research process comes after the Design and Planning phase?

    <p>Empirical phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical tests are commonly associated with quantitative research analysis?

    <p>ANOVA, Pearson, t-tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of quantitative research testing assesses the strength of a relationship between variables?

    <p>Correlational research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental research?

    <p>True experiments use random assignments of subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of experimental research?

    <p>To determine if a specific treatment influences an outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of non-experimental research?

    <p>It does not manipulate conditions in the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In research design, what is manipulation primarily concerned with?

    <p>Creating experimental groups for interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common type of quantitative research?

    <p>Descriptive research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ethical principle of beneficence in research typically emphasize?

    <p>Maximizing benefits while minimizing risks to participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data collection process is most commonly associated with quantitative research?

    <p>Surveys utilizing closed-ended questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mixed method research?

    <p>Combining both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is described as being categorized into defined classes?

    <p>Categorical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of measurement indicates that data is classified into categories without a specific order?

    <p>Nominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical measure represents the average of a set of values?

    <p>Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does multivariate analysis involve?

    <p>Investigating relationships among multiple variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data is measured and can yield scale values such as height or IQ?

    <p>Metric data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ratio level measurement?

    <p>It includes a constant size in difference between numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the mode in statistical terms?

    <p>The value that occurs most frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step when quantifying data in research analysis?

    <p>Understanding the research problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis is used for complex descriptive research questions?

    <p>Cross-tabulations and factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical test would you use for single factor difference questions?

    <p>Z-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In describing data, what measure is considered a type of dispersion?

    <p>Standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of variance in statistical terms?

    <p>The average of the distances from each value to the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of analysis would you use for associational questions that are complex or multivariate?

    <p>Pearson R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a basic associational question, which statistic is most commonly utilized?

    <p>Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistic is used to assess the relationship between two binary variables?

    <p>Phi coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scales indicates occurrence classified as 'Often'?

    <p>3.5-4.49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Experimental Research

    • Researchers actively manipulate conditions and observe in a controlled environment.
    • Aims to determine if a specific treatment influences an outcome.
    • True experiments involve random assignment of subjects to treatment conditions.
    • Quasi experiments use non-randomized assignments of subjects.

    Non-Experimental Research

    • Researchers don't manipulate or control independent variables, typically conducted in natural settings.
    • Types:
      • Comparative: tests differences between groups (e.g., comparing new vs. old curriculum)
      • Correlational: tests the strength of the relationship between variables (e.g., IQ and height)
      • Methodological: evaluates the effectiveness of a tool or questionnaire
      • Survey: examines characteristics of a population (e.g., school, community, social survey)

    Quantitative Research

    • Aims to find answers about relationships among measurable variables to explain, control, and predict phenomena.
    • Emphasizes systematic procedures and brings order to complex data.
    • Important considerations when conducting quantitative research:
      • Understanding the research problem
      • Understanding the nature of variables (categorical vs. metric data)
      • Determining the appropriate statistical procedures based on levels of measurement (NOIR: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio)

    Data Types in Quantitative Research

    • Categorical Data: Cases are categorized with defined classes, often counted or yield frequencies. (e.g., gender: male, female).
    • Metric Data: Cases are measured, resulting in metric or scale values. (e.g., height: 4.5m, IQ: 130)

    Levels of Measurement (NOIR)

    • Nominal: Categories with no specific order (e.g., gender, civil status, political affiliation).
    • Ordinal: Categories imply ranking (e.g., year standing, ranks of professors, Likert scale).
    • Interval: Difference between numbers has a known constant size, but zero is arbitrary (e.g., temperature in Celsius, IQ scores).
    • Ratio: Highest level, has a fixed zero point, allowing for meaningful ratios (e.g., weight, height, income).

    Measures of Central Tendency

    • Mean: Average, calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values.
    • Median: Value that divides the data set into two equal halves.
    • Mode: Most frequently occurring value.

    Descriptive Analysis

    • Provides simple descriptions and summaries of the sample and observations.
    • Includes measures of dispersion:
      • Range: Highest value - lowest value.
      • Variance: Average of the squares of the distances each value is from the mean.
      • Standard Deviation: Square root of the variance.

    Measures of Association

    • Phi Coefficient: Measures association for two binary variables (similar to Pearson correlation coefficient).
    • Pearson R: Used for basic associational questions, indicates the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two metric variables.
    • Multiple Regression: Used for complex multivariate associational questions, when predicting one variable based on multiple other variables.

    Choosing the Appropriate Measure

    • Univariate Analysis: Describing data with one variable: use measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation) and measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
    • Bivariate Analysis: Describing data with two variables, use measures of association depending on the nature of the data. For Nominal: Phi coefficient is adequate. For metric data, Pearson R is suitable.

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    NCMB315 BSN 3rd Year 2nd Semester Midterm 2023 PDF

    Description

    Explore the different types of research methods used in psychology, including experimental and non-experimental designs. This quiz covers key concepts such as true experiments, quasi-experiments, and various non-experimental approaches like correlational and survey research. Test your understanding and application of these fundamental research techniques.

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