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Questions and Answers
What is internal validity?
What is internal validity?
- The presence of significant correlation between variables
- The ability to generalize findings to the real world
- The consistency of a measure across various trials
- The extent to which a study accurately establishes a cause-and-effect relationship (correct)
Which of the following describes external validity?
Which of the following describes external validity?
- The level of control over confounding variables in a study
- The establishment of cause-and-effect relationships
- The relationship between two measured variables
- The degree to which results can be generalized beyond the study's context (correct)
Define positive correlation.
Define positive correlation.
A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases.
What is a dependent variable?
What is a dependent variable?
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What are confounding variables?
What are confounding variables?
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In a ______ design, the same subjects are exposed to all experimental conditions.
In a ______ design, the same subjects are exposed to all experimental conditions.
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In a ______ design, different subjects are assigned to different conditions.
In a ______ design, different subjects are assigned to different conditions.
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Study Notes
Validity Types
- Instruct Validity: Refers to the degree to which the instructions provided to participants align with the intended research study and accurately inform them about their tasks.
- Internal Validity: Measures whether the effects observed in a study can be attributed to the independent variable rather than other factors. High internal validity minimizes confounding variables.
- External Validity: Reflects the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other contexts, populations, and settings beyond the study itself.
Correlation Types
- Positive Correlation: Indicates a relationship where an increase in one variable results in an increase in another. For example, studying more hours typically leads to higher test scores.
- Negative Correlation: Signifies an inverse relationship, where an increase in one variable results in a decrease in another. For example, increased screen time may correlate with lower academic performance.
Variables in Research
- Independent Variables: The variables that researchers manipulate to observe their effect on the dependent variable. They are controlled to test their impact.
- Dependent Variables: The outcome variables that are measured in response to the independent variable. They depend on the manipulation of the independent variable.
- Confounding Variables: Extraneous variables that can influence the relationship between independent and dependent variables, potentially skewing results if not controlled.
Research Designs
- Within-Subject Design: A research method where the same participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable. This design helps control for individual differences but may introduce carryover effects.
- Between-Subject Design: Involves different participants experiencing each level of the independent variable separately, reducing carryover effects but potentially introducing variability due to individual differences.
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