Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of IRB review is necessary for studies that pose more than minimal risk?
Which type of IRB review is necessary for studies that pose more than minimal risk?
- Full review (correct)
- Exempt review
- Minimal review
- Expedited review
What is necessary if deception is used in a study?
What is necessary if deception is used in a study?
- A full debriefing of participants afterward (correct)
- Immediate publication of results
- Enhanced compensation for participants
- An expedited review by the IRB
Which of the following can be considered a societal benefit of psychological research?
Which of the following can be considered a societal benefit of psychological research?
- Direct profit for researchers involved
- More rigorous privacy protocols
- Increased budget for research grants
- Healthcare advancements that improve community well-being (correct)
What type of research might qualify for exempt IRB review?
What type of research might qualify for exempt IRB review?
Which of these is NOT a direct benefit of psychological research?
Which of these is NOT a direct benefit of psychological research?
What was the primary finding of Clark & Clark's Doll study?
What was the primary finding of Clark & Clark's Doll study?
What was an indirect reflection of Terman’s Longitudinal Study of Gifted Children?
What was an indirect reflection of Terman’s Longitudinal Study of Gifted Children?
Which experiment demonstrated the effects of authoritative figures on individual behavior?
Which experiment demonstrated the effects of authoritative figures on individual behavior?
What was a significant consequence of Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment?
What was a significant consequence of Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment?
Which aspect of Harlow's Attachment Studies was considered a direct reflection?
Which aspect of Harlow's Attachment Studies was considered a direct reflection?
Which method is emphasized as crucial in behavioral science for accuracy?
Which method is emphasized as crucial in behavioral science for accuracy?
What was the primary purpose of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?
What was the primary purpose of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?
What did the societal impact of direct research methods indicate?
What did the societal impact of direct research methods indicate?
What does reactivity refer to in research settings?
What does reactivity refer to in research settings?
Which type of scale categorizes data into non-ordered groups?
Which type of scale categorizes data into non-ordered groups?
Why is reactivity considered problematic in research?
Why is reactivity considered problematic in research?
In what way does an interval scale differ from a ratio scale?
In what way does an interval scale differ from a ratio scale?
Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive measure?
Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive measure?
How can disguised observations help mitigate reactivity?
How can disguised observations help mitigate reactivity?
Which of the following best represents an ordinal scale example?
Which of the following best represents an ordinal scale example?
What is a key characteristic of a ratio scale?
What is a key characteristic of a ratio scale?
What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?
What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?
What are Boolean operators used for in advanced search functions?
What are Boolean operators used for in advanced search functions?
Which of the following features in Google Scholar helps in tracking how ideas evolve over time?
Which of the following features in Google Scholar helps in tracking how ideas evolve over time?
Which aspect of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the necessity of consent from research subjects?
Which aspect of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the necessity of consent from research subjects?
In advanced search functions, what does filtering results by publication type allow researchers to do?
In advanced search functions, what does filtering results by publication type allow researchers to do?
When using quotation marks in Google Scholar, what does it accomplish?
When using quotation marks in Google Scholar, what does it accomplish?
What problem exists with the Nuremberg Code concerning its applicability?
What problem exists with the Nuremberg Code concerning its applicability?
Which issue with the Nuremberg Code makes compliance difficult for researchers?
Which issue with the Nuremberg Code makes compliance difficult for researchers?
Study Notes
Importance of Research Methods
- Research methods are crucial for systematically understanding behavior and improving interventions.
- Direct research, such as controlled experiments, can provide clear evidence (e.g., Clark & Clark's Doll study).
- Indirect research reflects broader societal impacts, highlighting the long-term effects of studies on social issues.
Direct Research Examples
-
Clark & Clark's Doll Study (1940s):
- Investigated racial preferences among children using dolls of different races.
- Demonstrated psychological harm from segregation, as Black children preferred White dolls.
-
Milgram's Obedience Experiment (1960s):
- Examined obedience to authority using a shock machine.
- Found a high percentage of participants willing to administer dangerous shocks, showcasing the power of authority.
-
Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment (1961):
- Analyzed children’s responses to observed aggressive behavior.
- Children who saw aggression were more likely to display similar behavior.
Indirect Research Examples
-
Terman's Longitudinal Study of Gifted Children (1921):
- Long-term tracking of gifted children showed they typically achieved greater socioeconomic success.
- Debunked stereotypes about gifted children suffering emotional difficulties.
-
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment (1971):
- Explored situational factors leading to abusive behaviors in a simulated prison environment.
- Raised critical discussions about ethical standards in research and resulted in more stringent guidelines.
-
Harlow's Attachment Studies (1950s):
- Studied infant monkeys' attachment by preferring soft surrogates over wired ones.
- Underlined the role of comfort in attachment theory, influencing child-care practices.
Ways of Knowing in Research
- Empirical methods ensure accuracy in behavioral sciences, utilizing intuition, authority figures, and observation.
- Advanced search techniques in databases (Boolean operators, filters) enhance research efficiency (e.g., PsycInfo, Google Scholar).
Ethical Standards in Research
- Post-WWII Nuremberg Medical Trials led to the Nuremberg Code, establishing foundational ethical guidelines for research:
- Emphasized voluntary participation and informed consent.
- Ensured the right to withdraw and minimized risks in studies.
Historical Unethical Research Examples
-
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972):
- Conducted without informed consent, denying treatment to African American men with syphilis.
- Exploited vulnerable populations, highlighting significant ethical violations.
-
Radioactive Nutrition Experiment (1940s-1950s):
- Disabled children were fed radioactive isotopes without proper consent or safeguards.
- Subjects were misled about the nature of the study, breaching ethical principles.
Risk and Benefits of Research
- Research must outweigh risks, identifying potential physical harm, psychological stress, and privacy concerns.
- Benefits can be personal, societal, or directly improve participant well-being (e.g., new therapies).
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
- IRBs review research proposals to ensure ethical compliance and participant protection.
- Types of IRB reviews include exempt, expedited, and full reviews based on risk levels.
Reactivity in Research
- Reactivity describes altered participant behavior due to observation.
- Can bias findings, leading to invalid conclusions; methods to reduce include unobtrusive measures and disguised observations.
Types of Data and Measurement Scales
- Nominal Scale: Categorizes data (e.g., gender, types of pets) without inherent order.
- Ordinal Scale: Ordered categories with non-meaningful differences (e.g., race rankings).
- Interval Scale: Ordered with equal intervals but no true zero (e.g., temperature).
- Ratio Scale: Similar to interval but includes a true zero, indicating absence (e.g., weight, height).
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Description
Explore the vital role of research methods in psychology through direct and indirect research examples, such as Clark & Clark's Doll study and Milgram's obedience experiment. This quiz delves into how these studies demonstrate the impact of social issues and human behavior. Test your understanding of key psychological research methods.
