Questions and Answers
Which type of IRB review is necessary for studies that pose more than minimal risk?
What is necessary if deception is used in a study?
Which of the following can be considered a societal benefit of psychological research?
What type of research might qualify for exempt IRB review?
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Which of these is NOT a direct benefit of psychological research?
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What was the primary finding of Clark & Clark's Doll study?
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What was an indirect reflection of Terman’s Longitudinal Study of Gifted Children?
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Which experiment demonstrated the effects of authoritative figures on individual behavior?
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What was a significant consequence of Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment?
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Which aspect of Harlow's Attachment Studies was considered a direct reflection?
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Which method is emphasized as crucial in behavioral science for accuracy?
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What was the primary purpose of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?
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What did the societal impact of direct research methods indicate?
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What does reactivity refer to in research settings?
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Which type of scale categorizes data into non-ordered groups?
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Why is reactivity considered problematic in research?
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In what way does an interval scale differ from a ratio scale?
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Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive measure?
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How can disguised observations help mitigate reactivity?
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Which of the following best represents an ordinal scale example?
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What is a key characteristic of a ratio scale?
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What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?
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What are Boolean operators used for in advanced search functions?
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Which of the following features in Google Scholar helps in tracking how ideas evolve over time?
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Which aspect of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the necessity of consent from research subjects?
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In advanced search functions, what does filtering results by publication type allow researchers to do?
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When using quotation marks in Google Scholar, what does it accomplish?
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What problem exists with the Nuremberg Code concerning its applicability?
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Which issue with the Nuremberg Code makes compliance difficult for researchers?
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Study Notes
Importance of Research Methods
- Research methods are crucial for systematically understanding behavior and improving interventions.
- Direct research, such as controlled experiments, can provide clear evidence (e.g., Clark & Clark's Doll study).
- Indirect research reflects broader societal impacts, highlighting the long-term effects of studies on social issues.
Direct Research Examples
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Clark & Clark's Doll Study (1940s):
- Investigated racial preferences among children using dolls of different races.
- Demonstrated psychological harm from segregation, as Black children preferred White dolls.
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Milgram's Obedience Experiment (1960s):
- Examined obedience to authority using a shock machine.
- Found a high percentage of participants willing to administer dangerous shocks, showcasing the power of authority.
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Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment (1961):
- Analyzed children’s responses to observed aggressive behavior.
- Children who saw aggression were more likely to display similar behavior.
Indirect Research Examples
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Terman's Longitudinal Study of Gifted Children (1921):
- Long-term tracking of gifted children showed they typically achieved greater socioeconomic success.
- Debunked stereotypes about gifted children suffering emotional difficulties.
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Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment (1971):
- Explored situational factors leading to abusive behaviors in a simulated prison environment.
- Raised critical discussions about ethical standards in research and resulted in more stringent guidelines.
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Harlow's Attachment Studies (1950s):
- Studied infant monkeys' attachment by preferring soft surrogates over wired ones.
- Underlined the role of comfort in attachment theory, influencing child-care practices.
Ways of Knowing in Research
- Empirical methods ensure accuracy in behavioral sciences, utilizing intuition, authority figures, and observation.
- Advanced search techniques in databases (Boolean operators, filters) enhance research efficiency (e.g., PsycInfo, Google Scholar).
Ethical Standards in Research
- Post-WWII Nuremberg Medical Trials led to the Nuremberg Code, establishing foundational ethical guidelines for research:
- Emphasized voluntary participation and informed consent.
- Ensured the right to withdraw and minimized risks in studies.
Historical Unethical Research Examples
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Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972):
- Conducted without informed consent, denying treatment to African American men with syphilis.
- Exploited vulnerable populations, highlighting significant ethical violations.
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Radioactive Nutrition Experiment (1940s-1950s):
- Disabled children were fed radioactive isotopes without proper consent or safeguards.
- Subjects were misled about the nature of the study, breaching ethical principles.
Risk and Benefits of Research
- Research must outweigh risks, identifying potential physical harm, psychological stress, and privacy concerns.
- Benefits can be personal, societal, or directly improve participant well-being (e.g., new therapies).
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
- IRBs review research proposals to ensure ethical compliance and participant protection.
- Types of IRB reviews include exempt, expedited, and full reviews based on risk levels.
Reactivity in Research
- Reactivity describes altered participant behavior due to observation.
- Can bias findings, leading to invalid conclusions; methods to reduce include unobtrusive measures and disguised observations.
Types of Data and Measurement Scales
- Nominal Scale: Categorizes data (e.g., gender, types of pets) without inherent order.
- Ordinal Scale: Ordered categories with non-meaningful differences (e.g., race rankings).
- Interval Scale: Ordered with equal intervals but no true zero (e.g., temperature).
- Ratio Scale: Similar to interval but includes a true zero, indicating absence (e.g., weight, height).
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Description
Explore the vital role of research methods in psychology through direct and indirect research examples, such as Clark & Clark's Doll study and Milgram's obedience experiment. This quiz delves into how these studies demonstrate the impact of social issues and human behavior. Test your understanding of key psychological research methods.
