Research Methods in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which type of IRB review is necessary for studies that pose more than minimal risk?

  • Full review (correct)
  • Exempt review
  • Minimal review
  • Expedited review

    • What is necessary if deception is used in a study?

  • A full debriefing of participants afterward (correct)
  • Immediate publication of results
  • Enhanced compensation for participants
  • An expedited review by the IRB

    • Which of the following can be considered a societal benefit of psychological research?

  • Direct profit for researchers involved
  • More rigorous privacy protocols
  • Increased budget for research grants
  • Healthcare advancements that improve community well-being (correct)

    • What type of research might qualify for exempt IRB review?

    <p>Anonymous surveys with minimal risk to participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a direct benefit of psychological research?

    <p>Greater emotional distress for participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of Clark & Clark's Doll study?

    <p>White dolls were chosen by Black children, indicating psychological harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an indirect reflection of Terman’s Longitudinal Study of Gifted Children?

    <p>Intelligence interacts significantly with life experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experiment demonstrated the effects of authoritative figures on individual behavior?

    <p>Milgram's Obedience Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment?

    <p>Development of stricter ethical guidelines in human subjects research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Harlow's Attachment Studies was considered a direct reflection?

    <p>The role of comfort in infant development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is emphasized as crucial in behavioral science for accuracy?

    <p>Empirical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?

    <p>To explore the effects of aggressive behavior modeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the societal impact of direct research methods indicate?

    <p>They can influence public perceptions and policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reactivity refer to in research settings?

    <p>Participants altering their behavior due to measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scale categorizes data into non-ordered groups?

    <p>Nominal scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is reactivity considered problematic in research?

    <p>It leads to bias in results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does an interval scale differ from a ratio scale?

    <p>Interval scale has no true zero point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive measure?

    <p>Observation through hidden cameras.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can disguised observations help mitigate reactivity?

    <p>Participants engage in natural behavior without knowing they are observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents an ordinal scale example?

    <p>Socioeconomic status (low, middle, high)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a ratio scale?

    <p>It has a true zero point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>To establish ethical standards for research involving human subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Boolean operators used for in advanced search functions?

    <p>To connect and refine search terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features in Google Scholar helps in tracking how ideas evolve over time?

    <p>Cited by feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the necessity of consent from research subjects?

    <p>Voluntary participation and informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In advanced search functions, what does filtering results by publication type allow researchers to do?

    <p>Narrow results based on specific article formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using quotation marks in Google Scholar, what does it accomplish?

    <p>It limits the results to exact phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem exists with the Nuremberg Code concerning its applicability?

    <p>It only addresses medical research without oversight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue with the Nuremberg Code makes compliance difficult for researchers?

    <p>It lacks clarity and is too vague</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Importance of Research Methods

    • Research methods are crucial for systematically understanding behavior and improving interventions.
    • Direct research, such as controlled experiments, can provide clear evidence (e.g., Clark & Clark's Doll study).
    • Indirect research reflects broader societal impacts, highlighting the long-term effects of studies on social issues.

    Direct Research Examples

    • Clark & Clark's Doll Study (1940s):

      • Investigated racial preferences among children using dolls of different races.
      • Demonstrated psychological harm from segregation, as Black children preferred White dolls.

    • Milgram's Obedience Experiment (1960s):

      • Examined obedience to authority using a shock machine.
      • Found a high percentage of participants willing to administer dangerous shocks, showcasing the power of authority.

    • Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment (1961):

      • Analyzed children’s responses to observed aggressive behavior.
      • Children who saw aggression were more likely to display similar behavior.

    Indirect Research Examples

    • Terman's Longitudinal Study of Gifted Children (1921):

      • Long-term tracking of gifted children showed they typically achieved greater socioeconomic success.
      • Debunked stereotypes about gifted children suffering emotional difficulties.

    • Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment (1971):

      • Explored situational factors leading to abusive behaviors in a simulated prison environment.
      • Raised critical discussions about ethical standards in research and resulted in more stringent guidelines.

    • Harlow's Attachment Studies (1950s):

      • Studied infant monkeys' attachment by preferring soft surrogates over wired ones.
      • Underlined the role of comfort in attachment theory, influencing child-care practices.

    Ways of Knowing in Research

    • Empirical methods ensure accuracy in behavioral sciences, utilizing intuition, authority figures, and observation.
    • Advanced search techniques in databases (Boolean operators, filters) enhance research efficiency (e.g., PsycInfo, Google Scholar).

    Ethical Standards in Research

    • Post-WWII Nuremberg Medical Trials led to the Nuremberg Code, establishing foundational ethical guidelines for research:
      • Emphasized voluntary participation and informed consent.
      • Ensured the right to withdraw and minimized risks in studies.

    Historical Unethical Research Examples

    • Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972):

      • Conducted without informed consent, denying treatment to African American men with syphilis.
      • Exploited vulnerable populations, highlighting significant ethical violations.

    • Radioactive Nutrition Experiment (1940s-1950s):

      • Disabled children were fed radioactive isotopes without proper consent or safeguards.
      • Subjects were misled about the nature of the study, breaching ethical principles.

    Risk and Benefits of Research

    • Research must outweigh risks, identifying potential physical harm, psychological stress, and privacy concerns.
    • Benefits can be personal, societal, or directly improve participant well-being (e.g., new therapies).

    Institutional Review Board (IRB)

    • IRBs review research proposals to ensure ethical compliance and participant protection.
    • Types of IRB reviews include exempt, expedited, and full reviews based on risk levels.

    Reactivity in Research

    • Reactivity describes altered participant behavior due to observation.
    • Can bias findings, leading to invalid conclusions; methods to reduce include unobtrusive measures and disguised observations.

    Types of Data and Measurement Scales

    • Nominal Scale: Categorizes data (e.g., gender, types of pets) without inherent order.
    • Ordinal Scale: Ordered categories with non-meaningful differences (e.g., race rankings).
    • Interval Scale: Ordered with equal intervals but no true zero (e.g., temperature).
    • Ratio Scale: Similar to interval but includes a true zero, indicating absence (e.g., weight, height).

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    Description

    Explore the vital role of research methods in psychology through direct and indirect research examples, such as Clark & Clark's Doll study and Milgram's obedience experiment. This quiz delves into how these studies demonstrate the impact of social issues and human behavior. Test your understanding of key psychological research methods.

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