Research Methods in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of random assignment in psychological research?

  • Participants choose the group they want to join.
  • Each participant has a predetermined role.
  • Each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group. (correct)
  • Participants are assigned based on their demographics.

    • What is a significant advantage of experimental research?

  • It provides good control to identify cause and effect. (correct)
  • It is less time-consuming than other methods.
  • It requires less ethical consideration.
  • It allows for exploratory research.

    • Which of the following statements about correlational research is true?

  • It allows researchers to establish cause and effect.
  • It directly tests hypotheses about causation.
  • It manipulates variables to determine relationships.
  • It measures how two or more variables are related without manipulation. (correct)

    • What is one disadvantage of conducting experimental research?

    <p>It may suffer from artificial conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of selecting participants in psychological research?

    <p>To ensure that all groups have similar characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method focuses on how variables are related without manipulation?

    <p>Correlational research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical concern is often associated with experimental research?

    <p>Potential harm to participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research is more likely to establish cause-and-effect relationships?

    <p>Experimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a strong correlation between two variables?

    <p>A correlation coefficient close to +/- 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using inferential statistics in research?

    <p>To make conclusions about a population based on sample data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the discussed experimental design, what was the mean sit-still score for children consuming more than 50 mg of sugar?

    <p>150</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best represents a measure of variability?

    <p>Standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What needs to be assessed to determine if results are statistically significant?

    <p>Inferential statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the statistical significance threshold typically used to determine a very low probability of results due to chance?

    <p>0.01</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many children were tested in both the experimental group and the control group?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a testable hypothesis in psychological research?

    <p>A tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is operational definition important in psychological research?

    <p>It ensures that results can be replicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step that psychologists take when conducting research?

    <p>Making observations and reviewing the literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best reflects the basic assumption of science?

    <p>Events are governed by lawful orders that can be observed and measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major functions of the scientific method in psychology?

    <p>To ensure the scientific process remains as accurate and precise as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hypotheses is an example of a measurable variable?

    <p>Children who consume more than 50 mg of refined sugar will be less able to sit still for 15 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do psychologists utilize prior studies in their research process?

    <p>To review what is already known about a topic before conducting new research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship does the scientific method in psychology aim to establish?

    <p>Between events and their lawful order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring both sugar consumption and hyperactivity in children?

    <p>To find a correlation between sugar consumption and hyperactivity scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the correlation coefficient 'r' represent in this context?

    <p>The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the relationship between sugar consumption and hyperactivity is most accurate based on the data provided?

    <p>Increased sugar consumption may be associated with increased hyperactivity scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research step involves defining the methods for measuring sugar consumption and hyperactivity?

    <p>Select the research method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study, how would you categorize the measurement of hyperactivity scores?

    <p>Dependent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a correlation coefficient of +1.0 indicate in this research?

    <p>A perfect positive relationship between sugar consumption and hyperactivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing the relationship between variables, what does a correlation coefficient of 0 suggest?

    <p>There is no relationship between the variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the data shows that child 1 consumed 65 mg of sugar and had a hyperactivity score of 80, what can be inferred?

    <p>Child 1 exhibits a high level of hyperactivity related to sugar consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical test is used when comparing more than two groups?

    <p>F-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a p-value less than 0.05 indicate in statistical testing?

    <p>The results are statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the described experiments, what is the independent variable being manipulated?

    <p>Amount of sugar consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical test would be appropriate for comparing two groups?

    <p>t-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a study finds no significant difference in movements between children consuming 50 mg, 25 mg, and 0 mg of sugar, what can be inferred?

    <p>Sugar consumption has no effect on movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary research question concerning sugar consumption in the experiments?

    <p>Does refined sugar increase hyperactivity?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study, what is the effect of exercise on hyperactivity, based on the example provided?

    <p>Exercise decreases hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not considered as part of the experimental procedure in the described research?

    <p>Variety of sugar types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Process in Psychology

    • Step 1: Make Observations

      • Identify behaviors or trends such as children struggling to follow rules linked to sugar consumption.
      • Conduct literature review to explore previous findings on sugar and hyperactivity.

    • Step 2: Develop a Testable Hypothesis

      • Formulate hypotheses regarding the relationship between refined sugar and hyperactivity.
      • Clearly define variables for better testability; operational definitions are essential.

    • Step 3: Choose Participants and Research Method

      • Employ random assignment for equal chance placement in experimental or control groups.
      • Experimental Research: Good control and ability to identify cause-and-effect relationships, but may face ethical concerns and artificial conditions.
      • Correlational Research: Measures relationships between variables without manipulation; does not allow for cause-effect conclusions.

    Data Collection and Analysis

    • Data Collection Example: Measure sugar consumption and hyperactivity scores of children.

      • Sample data includes individual sugar consumption and respective hyperactivity scores.

    • Correlation Coefficient (r): Represents strength and direction of relationships; values closer to +1 or -1 signal stronger relationships.

    • Descriptive Statistics:

      • Central tendency measures (mean, median, mode) provide insight into data distributions.
      • Variability measures (range, standard deviation) reveal differences within groups.

    • Inferential Statistics: Used to infer conclusions from data sets and test statistical significance; a p-value less than .05 indicates results are significant and not due to chance.

    Experimental Design Considerations

    • Experimental variations include manipulating one or more independent variables and testing multiple participant groups simultaneously.

      • Examples include varying sugar intake across groups and measuring physical activity levels during a defined task.

    • Statistical Tests:

      • Implement t-tests for comparison of two groups and F-tests for more than two groups to evaluate statistical significance of findings.

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    Chapter 2: Overview PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the steps involved in selecting research participants, choosing an appropriate research method, and collecting data. An example study on the relationship between sugar consumption and hyperactivity in children serves as a basis for understanding these concepts.

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