Research Methods in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of evaluating the meaningfulness of a study?

  • To identify the theoretical perspective used
  • To assess the importance of the research findings (correct)
  • To examine the participants' demographics
  • To determine the incremental knowledge produced

    • What is a key factor contributing to the crisis of replicability in social sciences research?

  • Insufficient sample sizes
  • Publication bias (correct)
  • Lack of funding for research projects
  • Methodological flaws

    • What is the primary purpose of holding all other variables constant in an experiment?

  • To isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable (correct)
  • To ensure that the sample is representative of the population
  • To increase the reliability of the measure
  • To ensure that the results are generalizable to other populations

    • What is the primary purpose of pre-registration of studies in addressing replicability issues?

    <p>To make research designs and methods publicly available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle of critical thinking in evaluating research?

    <p>Evaluating evidence objectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a population and a sample?

    <p>A population is the entire group of interest, while a sample is a subset of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method ensures that each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected?

    <p>Random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common fallacy in arguments that can be identified through critical thinking?

    <p>All of the above, except a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for turning abstract concepts into concrete variables that can be measured or manipulated?

    <p>Operationalising variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why psychological myths and misinformation are prevalent?

    <p>Misinterpretation of research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in addressing the replicability crisis in psychology research?

    <p>Creating a portfolio of research outputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a measure's ability to produce consistent results?

    <p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a measure's ability to assess the variable it is supposed to assess?

    <p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of reward structures in promoting high-quality research?

    <p>Promoting transparency and accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is test-retest reliability a measure of?

    <p>The consistency of results when the same participant takes the test multiple times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of selecting a representative sample?

    <p>To ensure that the results are generalizable to the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the scientific approach in psychology?

    <p>To describe, predict, and understand phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using multiple measures in research?

    <p>To compensate for errors in individual measures and enhance accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is test bias in psychological research?

    <p>A test that shows systematic score differences between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?

    <p>It is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of objectivity in psychological research?

    <p>To minimise subjective bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of description in the scientific approach?

    <p>To summarise data for easy understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of earworms in relation to memory?

    <p>To strengthen memories when they first form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of experimentation in psychological research?

    <p>To establish causation between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help interrupt the auditory loop and reduce earworms?

    <p>Chewing gum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the weakening of a conditioned response by presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a variable in psychological research?

    <p>It is a phenomenon that can vary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where an extinguished conditioned response re-emerges after a period of time?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to preclinical research, what is the effect of extinction occurring early in life on spontaneous recovery?

    <p>It makes spontaneous recovery less likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal interstimulus interval for classical conditioning?

    <p>A brief interval between CS and UCS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an extinguished response on subsequent learning?

    <p>It makes subsequent learning easier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where prior learning can hinder new learning?

    <p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of social and cultural influences on conditioning?

    <p>Different cultures rely on varied conditioning techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of shaping in operant conditioning?

    <p>To teach new behaviours by reinforcing successive approximations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of cognitive-social theory in operant conditioning?

    <p>Latent learning demonstrates the importance of mental representations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of reciprocal conditioning in social interactions?

    <p>Individuals continuously reinforce and punish each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of parental behaviour in operant conditioning?

    <p>It influences children's behavioural issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how enduring characteristics influence operant conditioning?

    <p>Rats exhibit varying responses to environmental events based on their traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chaining in operant conditioning?

    <p>To link existing behaviours into sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of individual differences in operant conditioning?

    <p>Individuals differ in their ease of conditioning and learning abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods

    • Dependent variable: The variable being measured or observed in an experiment
    • Holding all other variables constant: Ensuring that all variables, except the independent variable, remain constant to isolate the effect of the independent variable
    • Choosing a sample: Selecting a subset of the population to study, as it is often impossible to test a hypothesis on the entire population
    • Population vs. Sample: The population is the entire group of people being studied, while the sample is a subset of the population selected for study
    • Random sampling: Ensuring each member of the population is equally likely to be included in the sample
    • Representative sample: A sample that possesses the important characteristics of the population in the same proportions
    • Convenience sample: A sample recruited for convenience, which may not be representative of the population

    Operationalizing Variables

    • Turning abstract concepts into concrete variables: Measuring or manipulating abstract concepts to make them observable and measurable
    • Measuring self-esteem: Measuring self-esteem through exercises or surveys
    • Manipulating exercise: Manipulating exercise as an independent variable to observe its effect on self-esteem

    Reliability and Validity

    • Reliability: The ability of a measure to produce consistent results
    • Validity: The ability of a measure to assess the variable it is supposed to assess
    • Test-retest reliability: Ensuring a test produces similar results when taken multiple times
    • Internal consistency: Ensuring different items measuring the same variable produce consistent results

    Measurement and Variables

    • Variables: Phenomena that can vary, with continuous and categorical types
    • Measures: Assessing variables, ensuring reliability and validity in research

    Experimental Research

    • Scientific approach to psychology: Using empirical methodologies like observations and experimentation to gain knowledge
    • Logic of experimentation: Manipulating independent variables and observing dependent variables
    • Conditions: Different versions of the independent variable tested across experimental groups
    • Establishing causation: Showing how manipulating one variable affects another

    Ethics and Critical Thinking

    • Ethical considerations: Evaluating if the study treats participants humanely and justifies the incremental knowledge produced
    • Critical thinking: Carefully examining and analyzing information, evaluating evidence, and avoiding fallacies
    • Importance of critical thinking: Highlighting the significance of critical thinking in evaluating research

    Psychological Myths and Misinformation

    • Recognizing myths: Exploring the prevalence of psychological myths and misinformation
    • Earworms: Strengthening memories, evoking positive emotions, and being more common with songs people are happy with

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    Description

    Learn about the basics of research methods in psychology, including dependent variables, sampling, and population vs sample. Understand the concepts of holding variables constant, random sampling, and more.

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