Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the study of how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally from infancy through old age called?
What is the study of how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally from infancy through old age called?
Developmental psychology
What type of development refers to changes in a person's psychology from one stage to the next?
What type of development refers to changes in a person's psychology from one stage to the next?
Qualitative development
What type of development refers to gradual and continuous changes?
What type of development refers to gradual and continuous changes?
Quantitative development
Nature refers to environmental and cultural factors that influence development.
Nature refers to environmental and cultural factors that influence development.
What is the first challenge when studying development?
What is the first challenge when studying development?
What is the second challenge when studying development?
What is the second challenge when studying development?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of cross-sectional research?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of cross-sectional research?
What is a potential disadvantage of cross-sectional research?
What is a potential disadvantage of cross-sectional research?
Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?
Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of longitudinal research?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of longitudinal research?
Which of the following is an advantage of sequential research?
Which of the following is an advantage of sequential research?
What is a potential disadvantage of sequential research?
What is a potential disadvantage of sequential research?
What stage of prenatal development lasts from conception to two weeks?
What stage of prenatal development lasts from conception to two weeks?
What is a fertilized egg called?
What is a fertilized egg called?
What is a hollow ball of cells that develops during the germinal stage and is the stage between germinal and embryonic stages?
What is a hollow ball of cells that develops during the germinal stage and is the stage between germinal and embryonic stages?
What stage of prenatal development lasts from two to eight weeks?
What stage of prenatal development lasts from two to eight weeks?
What is an unborn, developing offspring called between the 2nd and 8th week of pregnancy?
What is an unborn, developing offspring called between the 2nd and 8th week of pregnancy?
What organ nourishes the fetus during prenatal development?
What organ nourishes the fetus during prenatal development?
What stage of prenatal development lasts from the ninth week until birth?
What stage of prenatal development lasts from the ninth week until birth?
What is an unborn, developing offspring called between the ninth week of pregnancy and birth?
What is an unborn, developing offspring called between the ninth week of pregnancy and birth?
What is a tubular structure formed early in the embryonic stage from which the brain and spinal cord develop?
What is a tubular structure formed early in the embryonic stage from which the brain and spinal cord develop?
What two types of cells form during neural development?
What two types of cells form during neural development?
What process involves glia creating guide wires for neurons to migrate to their appropriate locations?
What process involves glia creating guide wires for neurons to migrate to their appropriate locations?
What is the creation of new synaptic connections called?
What is the creation of new synaptic connections called?
What is the process of trimming back unnecessary synapses according to a "use it or lose it" principle called?
What is the process of trimming back unnecessary synapses according to a "use it or lose it" principle called?
What is the process of insulating axons in myelin, which speeds their conductivity and allows information to move more rapidly through the brain and body?
What is the process of insulating axons in myelin, which speeds their conductivity and allows information to move more rapidly through the brain and body?
Which of the following areas of the brain matures LAST?
Which of the following areas of the brain matures LAST?
What developmental disorder is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21?
What developmental disorder is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21?
What are environmental agents that can interfere with healthy fetal development called?
What are environmental agents that can interfere with healthy fetal development called?
What developmental disorder affects children exposed to alcohol during prenatal development?
What developmental disorder affects children exposed to alcohol during prenatal development?
What are automatic patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific types of sensory stimulation?
What are automatic patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific types of sensory stimulation?
Which of the following is NOT a preference observed in newborns?
Which of the following is NOT a preference observed in newborns?
Research has shown that newborns imitate faces, supporting the claim that infants seek out others and do as they do.
Research has shown that newborns imitate faces, supporting the claim that infants seek out others and do as they do.
What is a form of nonassociative learning that involves a decreased response to a repeated stimulus?
What is a form of nonassociative learning that involves a decreased response to a repeated stimulus?
What is an increase in responsiveness to something new following a period of habituation called?
What is an increase in responsiveness to something new following a period of habituation called?
What refers to changes in the ability to coordinate and perform bodily movements?
What refers to changes in the ability to coordinate and perform bodily movements?
What are the two general rules for developing motor skills?
What are the two general rules for developing motor skills?
The cephalocaudal rule states that motor skills emerge from the center of the body outward.
The cephalocaudal rule states that motor skills emerge from the center of the body outward.
What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
What are concepts or mental models that represent our experiences?
What are concepts or mental models that represent our experiences?
What involves using an existing schema to interpret a new experience?
What involves using an existing schema to interpret a new experience?
What involves revising schemas to incorporate information from new experiences?
What involves revising schemas to incorporate information from new experiences?
What is the first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, lasting from birth to 2 years, and characterized by children developing knowledge through their senses and actions but cannot yet think using symbols?
What is the first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, lasting from birth to 2 years, and characterized by children developing knowledge through their senses and actions but cannot yet think using symbols?
What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are temporarily out of sight?
What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are temporarily out of sight?
What is the second stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, lasting from 2 to 7 years, and characterized by children mastering the use of symbols but struggle to see situations from multiple perspectives?
What is the second stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, lasting from 2 to 7 years, and characterized by children mastering the use of symbols but struggle to see situations from multiple perspectives?
What refers to objects, words, and gestures standing for other things?
What refers to objects, words, and gestures standing for other things?
What is the difficulty that preoperational children have with thinking about how objects or situations are perceived by other people?
What is the difficulty that preoperational children have with thinking about how objects or situations are perceived by other people?
What is the third stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, lasting from 7 to 12 years, and characterized by children becoming capable of using multiple perspectives and their imagination to solve complex problems?
What is the third stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, lasting from 7 to 12 years, and characterized by children becoming capable of using multiple perspectives and their imagination to solve complex problems?
What is the idea that the physical properties of an object, such as mass, volume, and number, remain constant despite superficial changes in the object's shape or form?
What is the idea that the physical properties of an object, such as mass, volume, and number, remain constant despite superficial changes in the object's shape or form?
What is the fourth and final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, beginning around age 12, that involves adolescents becoming able to reason about abstract problems and hypothetical propositions?
What is the fourth and final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, beginning around age 12, that involves adolescents becoming able to reason about abstract problems and hypothetical propositions?
What is a strong, enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver?
What is a strong, enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver?
What is a mechanism for establishing attachment early in life that operates according to a relatively simple rule of attaching to the first moving object an organism sees?
What is a mechanism for establishing attachment early in life that operates according to a relatively simple rule of attaching to the first moving object an organism sees?
What psychologist conducted research using monkeys to study the importance of social and emotional development, supporting the view that early interactions with adults are crucial?
What psychologist conducted research using monkeys to study the importance of social and emotional development, supporting the view that early interactions with adults are crucial?
What psychologist proposed that children become attached to a caregiver who provides a secure base, a place in which the child feels safe and protected?
What psychologist proposed that children become attached to a caregiver who provides a secure base, a place in which the child feels safe and protected?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three attachment styles identified by Bowlby?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three attachment styles identified by Bowlby?
What attachment style is characterized by children being distressed by a parent leaving, but easily comforted by their return?
What attachment style is characterized by children being distressed by a parent leaving, but easily comforted by their return?
What attachment style is characterized by children not being distressed by a parent leaving and avoiding contact upon their return?
What attachment style is characterized by children not being distressed by a parent leaving and avoiding contact upon their return?
What attachment style is characterized by children failing to explore, being angry and resistant upon a parent's return?
What attachment style is characterized by children failing to explore, being angry and resistant upon a parent's return?
What is a factor that can influence children's attachment styles?
What is a factor that can influence children's attachment styles?
What refers to stable individual differences in quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity level, attention, and emotional self-regulation?
What refers to stable individual differences in quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity level, attention, and emotional self-regulation?
What is the understanding that we and other people have minds, that these minds represent the world in different ways?
What is the understanding that we and other people have minds, that these minds represent the world in different ways?
What is the sociocultural view of development proposed by Lev Vygotsky that emphasizes the importance of social interaction with knowledgeable others?
What is the sociocultural view of development proposed by Lev Vygotsky that emphasizes the importance of social interaction with knowledgeable others?
What is the process of actively challenging and supporting children to help them learn and grow?
What is the process of actively challenging and supporting children to help them learn and grow?
What are the two dimensions of parenting styles?
What are the two dimensions of parenting styles?
What type of parenting style is child-driven, rarely gives or enforces rules, and overindulges the child to avoid conflict?
What type of parenting style is child-driven, rarely gives or enforces rules, and overindulges the child to avoid conflict?
What type of parenting style solves problems together with a child, sets clear rules and expectations, and encourages open communication?
What type of parenting style solves problems together with a child, sets clear rules and expectations, and encourages open communication?
What type of parenting style is uninvolved or absent, provides little nurturance or guidance, and is indifferent to the child's social-emotional and behavioral needs?
What type of parenting style is uninvolved or absent, provides little nurturance or guidance, and is indifferent to the child's social-emotional and behavioral needs?
What type of parenting style is parent-driven, sets strict rules and punishments, and engages in one-way communication?
What type of parenting style is parent-driven, sets strict rules and punishments, and engages in one-way communication?
What are the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity?
What are the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity?
What is the study of how the immediate social context as well as broader cultural environments influence people's thoughts, feelings, and actions?
What is the study of how the immediate social context as well as broader cultural environments influence people's thoughts, feelings, and actions?
What is the main distinction between social psychology and personality psychology?
What is the main distinction between social psychology and personality psychology?
Which of the following is NOT a motivation that influences our behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a motivation that influences our behavior?
What is the process of explaining our own and/or others' behavior?
What is the process of explaining our own and/or others' behavior?
What is the tendency to assume that people's actions are more the result of their internal dispositions than of the situational context?
What is the tendency to assume that people's actions are more the result of their internal dispositions than of the situational context?
What are attributions that we make for our own behaviors or outcomes, where we tend to make dispositional attributions for positive events but situational attributions for negative events?
What are attributions that we make for our own behaviors or outcomes, where we tend to make dispositional attributions for positive events but situational attributions for negative events?
What is an orientation toward some target stimulus?
What is an orientation toward some target stimulus?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of attitude?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of attitude?
What is developmental psychology?
What is developmental psychology?
What are the two types of developmental change?
What are the two types of developmental change?
What are the two main influences on development?
What are the two main influences on development?
What are the advantages of cross-sectional research designs?
What are the advantages of cross-sectional research designs?
What is the advantage of longitudinal research designs?
What is the advantage of longitudinal research designs?
What are the disadvantages of longitudinal research designs?
What are the disadvantages of longitudinal research designs?
What are the advantages of sequential research designs?
What are the advantages of sequential research designs?
What are the stages of prenatal development?
What are the stages of prenatal development?
What happens during the germinal stage?
What happens during the germinal stage?
What is a zygote?
What is a zygote?
What is a blastocyst?
What is a blastocyst?
What happens during the embryonic stage?
What happens during the embryonic stage?
What is an embryo?
What is an embryo?
What is the placenta?
What is the placenta?
What is a fetus?
What is a fetus?
What is the neural tube?
What is the neural tube?
What are the two types of cells that form during prenatal development?
What are the two types of cells that form during prenatal development?
What is neural migration?
What is neural migration?
What is neural proliferation?
What is neural proliferation?
What is synaptic pruning?
What is synaptic pruning?
What is myelination of axons?
What is myelination of axons?
What are the different timing of brain maturation?
What are the different timing of brain maturation?
What is Down syndrome?
What is Down syndrome?
What are teratogens?
What are teratogens?
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
What are reflexes?
What are reflexes?
What are some newborn preferences?
What are some newborn preferences?
Research has shown that newborns imitate faces.
Research has shown that newborns imitate faces.
What is habituation?
What is habituation?
What is motor development?
What is motor development?
Explain the cephalocaudal rule of developing motor skills.
Explain the cephalocaudal rule of developing motor skills.
Explain the proximodistal rule of developing motor skills.
Explain the proximodistal rule of developing motor skills.
What is Piaget's theory?
What is Piaget's theory?
What are schemas?
What are schemas?
What is assimilation?
What is assimilation?
What is accommodation?
What is accommodation?
What is the sensorimotor stage?
What is the sensorimotor stage?
What is object permanence?
What is object permanence?
What is the preoperational stage?
What is the preoperational stage?
What is symbolic representation?
What is symbolic representation?
What is egocentrism?
What is egocentrism?
What is the concrete operational stage?
What is the concrete operational stage?
What is conservation?
What is conservation?
What is the formal operational stage?
What is the formal operational stage?
What is attachment?
What is attachment?
What is imprinting?
What is imprinting?
What did Harry Harlow's studies contribute to our understanding of attachment?
What did Harry Harlow's studies contribute to our understanding of attachment?
What is John Bowlby's theory of attachment?
What is John Bowlby's theory of attachment?
What are the three attachment styles?
What are the three attachment styles?
Describe the characteristics of secure attachment.
Describe the characteristics of secure attachment.
Describe the characteristics of avoidant attachment.
Describe the characteristics of avoidant attachment.
What is the main factor that influences attachment styles?
What is the main factor that influences attachment styles?
What is temperament?
What is temperament?
How does temperament relate to attachment?
How does temperament relate to attachment?
What is the theory of mind?
What is the theory of mind?
What is the sociocultural view of development according to Lev Vygotsky?
What is the sociocultural view of development according to Lev Vygotsky?
What is scaffolding?
What is scaffolding?
Describe permissive parenting.
Describe permissive parenting.
Describe authoritative parenting.
Describe authoritative parenting.
Describe disengaged parenting.
Describe disengaged parenting.
What is puberty?
What is puberty?
What is social psychology?
What is social psychology?
What are some basic motivations that influence human behavior, according to social psychology?
What are some basic motivations that influence human behavior, according to social psychology?
What is attribution?
What is attribution?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
What are self-serving attributions?
What are self-serving attributions?
What is an attitude?
What is an attitude?
What are the three components of attitude?
What are the three components of attitude?
What is an implicit attitude?
What is an implicit attitude?
What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)?
What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)?
What is the central route to persuasion?
What is the central route to persuasion?
What is the peripheral route to persuasion?
What is the peripheral route to persuasion?
What are the two persuasion techniques?
What are the two persuasion techniques?
What is the foot-in-the-door technique?
What is the foot-in-the-door technique?
What is the door-in-the-face technique?
What is the door-in-the-face technique?
What is cognitive dissonance?
What is cognitive dissonance?
When do people change their attitudes to justify their behavior?
When do people change their attitudes to justify their behavior?
What are social norms?
What are social norms?
What is conformity?
What is conformity?
What is informational social influence?
What is informational social influence?
What is normative social influence?
What is normative social influence?
Conformity can be affected by being in a large group.
Conformity can be affected by being in a large group.
What is social facilitation?
What is social facilitation?
What is social loafing?
What is social loafing?
What is group polarization?
What is group polarization?
What is groupthink?
What is groupthink?
Flashcards
developmental psychology
developmental psychology
study of how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally from infancy through old age
qualitative development
qualitative development
person's psychology changes from one stage to the next
quantitative development
quantitative development
gradual and continuous changes
nature
nature
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nurture
nurture
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first challenge when studying development
first challenge when studying development
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second challenge when studying development
second challenge when studying development
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cross sectional advantages
cross sectional advantages
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cross section disadvantages
cross section disadvantages
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longitudinal advantage
longitudinal advantage
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longitudinal disadvantages
longitudinal disadvantages
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sequential advantages
sequential advantages
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sequential disadvantages
sequential disadvantages
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germinal stage
germinal stage
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zygote
zygote
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blastocyst
blastocyst
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embryonic stage
embryonic stage
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embryo
embryo
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placenta
placenta
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fetal stage
fetal stage
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fetus
fetus
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neural tube
neural tube
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two types of cells form
two types of cells form
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neural migration
neural migration
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neural proliferation
neural proliferation
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synaptic pruning
synaptic pruning
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myelination of axons
myelination of axons
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different timing of brain maturation
different timing of brain maturation
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down syndrome
down syndrome
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teratogens
teratogens
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fetal alcohol syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
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reflexes
reflexes
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reflexes (preferences)
reflexes (preferences)
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CLAIM: newborns imitate faces
CLAIM: newborns imitate faces
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habituation
habituation
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dishabituation
dishabituation
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motor development
motor development
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two general rules for developing motor skills
two general rules for developing motor skills
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cephalocaudal
cephalocaudal
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proximodistal
proximodistal
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Piaget's theory
Piaget's theory
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schemas
schemas
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assimilation
assimilation
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accommodation
accommodation
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sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
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object permanence
object permanence
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preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
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symbolic representation
symbolic representation
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egocentrism
egocentrism
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concrete operational change (7 to 12 years)
concrete operational change (7 to 12 years)
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conservation
conservation
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formal operational change (12 years and up)
formal operational change (12 years and up)
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attachment
attachment
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imprinting
imprinting
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Harry Harlow
Harry Harlow
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John Bowlby
John Bowlby
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three attachment styles
three attachment styles
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secure
secure
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avoidant
avoidant
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resistant
resistant
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Why do children differ in their attachment styles?
Why do children differ in their attachment styles?
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temperament
temperament
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theory of mind
theory of mind
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sociocultural view of development (Lev Vygotsky)
sociocultural view of development (Lev Vygotsky)
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scaffolding
scaffolding
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parenting styles: two dimensions
parenting styles: two dimensions
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permissive parenting
permissive parenting
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authoritative parenting
authoritative parenting
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disengaged parenting
disengaged parenting
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authoritarian parenting
authoritarian parenting
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Cross-Sectional Research
Cross-Sectional Research
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Longitudinal Research
Longitudinal Research
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Sequential Research
Sequential Research
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Myelination
Myelination
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
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Preoperational Stage
Preoperational Stage
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Concrete Operational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
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Formal Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error
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Social Norms
Social Norms
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Developmental psychology studies how people physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally change from infancy to old age.
- Qualitative development involves fundamental changes in psychology between stages.
- Quantitative development represents gradual and continuous change.
- Nature refers to genetics and biology, while nurture refers to environmental and cultural influences.
Studying Development
-
A key challenge in studying development is ensuring that measures account for age-appropriate abilities.
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Another challenge is selecting the right research design.
-
Cross-sectional studies:
- Advantages: identify abilities at specific life stages, compare groups relatively close in age.
- Disadvantages: affected by cohort effects, less effective for comparing large age differences.
-
Longitudinal studies:
- Advantages: high confidence in observing changes over time.
- Disadvantages: time-consuming, expensive, high risk of participant dropout, and only relevant to a specific cohort.
-
Sequential studies:
- Advantages: high confidence in observing and generalizing developmental changes across cohorts.
- Disadvantages: extremely costly and time consuming.
Prenatal Development
- Germinal stage (conception to 2 weeks): Fertilized egg (zygote), then blastocyst formation.
- Embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks): Embryo develops, placenta forms.
- Fetal stage (9th week to birth): Fetus matures, responsive to external stimuli (26-27 weeks is a key point for full-term development).
Brain Development
- Neural tube forms early.
- Neurons and glial cells develop.
- Neural migration: Glial cells guide neuron movement.
- Neural proliferation: New synaptic connections form.
- Synaptic pruning: Unused connections eliminate; useful ones remain.
- Myelination: Axons become insulated by myelin, increasing conductivity.
- Brain maturation happens in varying timelines in different areas (sensory, motor, language/spatial, frontal lobes).
Developmental Disorders and Influences
- Down syndrome: Extra copy of chromosome 21, causing developmental delays and health issues (affects 1 in 691 babies born annually in the US).
- Teratogens: Environmental substances that affect fetal development (e.g., alcohol, tobacco).
- Fetal alcohol syndrome: Alcohol exposure during pregnancy resulting in intellectual disability, poor attention, slow growth, and hyperactivity.
Infant Development
- Reflexes: Automatic motor responses triggered by sensory stimulation; include taste, smell, voice, face-like preferences.
- Newborn imitation: Research suggested that babies imitate, but arousal and interest might be a more accurate measure.
- Habituation/Dishabituation: Decrease/increase in response to a repeated/new stimulus, showing learning ability.
- Motor development: Emergence of motor control, following cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles.
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
- Schemas: Mental models or concepts representing experiences.
- Assimilation: Using existing schemas to explain new experiences (e.g., a chef using a new technique for a signature meal).
- Accommodation: Adjusting schemas to include new experiences (e.g., food substitution for dietary needs).
- Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years): Knowledge through senses and actions; developing object permanence. Differentiates self from objects.
- Preoperational stage (2-7 years): Symbolic representation, but limitations in perspective-taking and logical reasoning (egocentrism). Learns to use language and represent objects with images and words.
- Concrete operational stage (7-12 years): Logical reasoning about concrete objects; grasping conservation. Can think logically about CONCRETE objects.
- Formal operational stage (12+ years): Abstract and hypothetical reasoning.
Attachment Theory
- Attachment: Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
- Imprinting: Early attachment mechanism, based on following the first moving object.
- Harry Harlow: Monkey studies highlighting social interaction's crucial role in development.
- John Bowlby: Infants attach to caregivers to create a secure base.
- Attachment styles:
- Secure: Distressed but soothed by caregiver return (~66% of American middle-class children).
- Avoidant: Unresponsive to caregiver leaving or return (~20%).
- Resistant (ambivalent): Angry upon return, unable to explore; failure to explore (~15%).
- Temperament contributes to attachment differences (irritable infants are more likely to form insecure attachments).
- Theory of Mind: at about age 5, children understand that we and others have minds that represent the world differently.
Sociocultural View (Vygotsky)
- Sociocultural view: Social interaction crucial for development; children actively construct their understanding of the world.
- Scaffolding: Support provided by adults to assist in learning. Parenting styles influence development.
Parenting Styles
- Permissive: Minimal guidance.
- Authoritative: Guidance and open communication.
- Disengaged: Inconsistent or absent guidance.
- Authoritarian: Strict rules and punishments.
Adolescence and Beyond
- Puberty: Bodily changes leading to sexual maturity.
Social Psychology
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Social psychology: How social context influences thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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Distinction from personality psychology: Social psychology focuses on situational influences, while personality psychology focuses on enduring traits.
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Motivations (influencing behavior): Belonging, control, positive self-perception.
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Attribution: Explaining behavior.
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Fundamental attribution error: Overemphasizing internal factors and underemphasizing situational factors when explaining behavior.
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Self-serving attributions: Attributing positive outcomes to internal factors, and negative outcomes to external factors.
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Attitude: Orientation toward a stimulus.
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Components of attitude: Affective (feelings), cognitive (beliefs), behavioral (motivation to approach/avoid).
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Implicit attitude: Automatic, unintentional evaluation.
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Explicit attitude: Conscious evaluation.
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Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM): Dual-processing theory for attitude change.
- Central route: Strong arguments, thoughtful processing.
- Peripheral route: Superficial cues, less thoughtful processing.
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Persuasion techniques:
- Foot-in-the-door: Small request followed by a larger request.
- Door-in-the-face: Large request followed by a smaller request.
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Cognitive dissonance: Inconsistency between actions, attitudes, or beliefs; attitudes change to justify behavior, when behavior cannot be explained by the situation alone.
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Social norms: Shared patterns of behavior, traditions, beliefs.
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Conformity: Mimicking/adopting others' behaviors and preferences.
- Informational influence: Conforming to gain accurate understanding.
- Normative influence: Conforming to gain approval or avoid sanctions.
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Deindividuation: Loss of individual identity in large groups, leading to potentially reckless behaviors (in large groups, people are more willing to do silly, dangerous, or unlawful behavior).
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Social facilitation: Performance enhancement with others (for simple tasks).
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Social loafing: Reduced effort in group tasks.
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Group polarization: Attitude strengthening in like-minded groups.
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Groupthink: Seeking consensus at the expense of critical thinking.
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