Research Methods in IS: Hypotheses
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Questions and Answers

What does a null hypothesis typically suggest?

  • There is a positive relationship between two variables.
  • The results are biased based on previous studies.
  • There is no effect or no difference between groups. (correct)
  • There is a significant effect that needs to be tested.

    • What is typically true of an alternative hypothesis?

  • It suggests a potential effect or relationship. (correct)
  • It can only be directional without supporting evidence.
  • It proposes that there is no effect.
  • It is derived solely from existing data.

    • Which of the following is true about Type I Error?

  • It is associated with failing to detect a true effect.
  • It cannot occur in exploratory studies.
  • It occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected. (correct)
  • It happens when a null hypothesis is accepted incorrectly.

    • A Type II Error occurs when which of the following happens?

    <p>A false null hypothesis is not rejected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the purpose of hypothesis testing?

    <p>To provide data that supports or rejects a hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hypotheses is correct?

    <p>Hypotheses can only be directional if supported by prior research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should researchers avoid trying to prove hypotheses?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis primarily relies on what?

    <p>Data collected during the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a null hypothesis in statistical analysis?

    <p>To provide a basis for statistical testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to reject the null hypothesis?

    <p>To conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a research study, if you fail to reject the null hypothesis, what can be concluded?

    <p>No evidence has been found to support the alternative hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes an alternative hypothesis?

    <p>It suggests that one method is superior to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected?

    <p>Type I error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a researcher accepts the null hypothesis?

    <p>The researcher acknowledges no significant difference exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the null hypothesis typically set for a research study?

    <p>At the beginning, prior to data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a researcher finds a substantial difference in graduation rates favoring Program A over Program B, what is implied?

    <p>The null hypothesis should be rejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of formulating a null hypothesis?

    <p>To assume there is no difference or relationship in the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines an alternative hypothesis?

    <p>It suggests that there is a difference or relationship between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Type I error represent in hypothesis testing?

    <p>Rejecting a true null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypothesis testing, what is a Type II error?

    <p>Incorrectly failing to reject a true null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is essential for a hypothesis to be testable?

    <p>Other deductions should be confirmable through observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a hypothesis to be limited in scope?

    <p>Narrower hypotheses are typically easier to verify</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature that hypotheses should have concerning simplicity?

    <p>They should be stated in the simplest possible terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a hypothesis relate to established facts?

    <p>It must align with a substantial body of established knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods in IS: Research Hypothesis(es)

    • A hypothesis is a tentative, intelligent guess to guide problem-solving
    • Hypotheses can originate from sub-problems, with a one-to-one correspondence
    • The number of hypotheses equals the number of sub-problems
    • Hypotheses can be directional (suggesting a positive or negative relationship) or non-directional (no direction stated)
    • Researchers can only state directional hypotheses when prior information (from experience, literature review, or existing theories) on the phenomena under study exists
    • Exploratory studies may omit hypotheses

    Research Methods in IS: Research Hypothesis(es) - Continued

    • Hypotheses are neither proven nor disproven, but rather supported or not supported by data
    • Trying to prove a hypothesis biases research, as the researcher might only look for confirming data
    • Hypothesis acceptance or rejection depends solely on the data
    • Incorrect educated guesses about the investigation outcome can be discovered if the data does not support the hypothesis

    Research Methods in IS: Research Hypothesis(es) - Continued

    • Examples of testable hypotheses:
      • Students receiving counseling show greater creativity increases than those not receiving counseling
      • Automobile A performs as well as Automobile B
    • Hypotheses should be capable of objective verification and testing
    • A hypothesis outlines what the researcher is looking for and is a testable proposition to assess its validity

    Research Methods in IS: Characteristics of Hypothesis(es)

    • Hypotheses should be clear and precise, for reliable inferences
    • Hypotheses should be testable, allowing the derivation of confirmable or disconfirmable deductions through observation
    • Hypotheses should specify the relationship between variables (if it's a relational hypothesis)

    Research Methods in IS: Characteristics of Hypothesis(es) - Continued

    • Hypotheses should be limited in scope, since narrower hypotheses are usually more testable
    • Hypotheses must explain the facts underlying the need for explanation, utilizing related knowledge and accepted generalizations to deduce the initial problem
    • The hypothesis needs empirical support, explaining what it claims

    Research Methods in IS: Characteristics of Hypothesis(es) - Continued

    • Hypotheses should be stated in simpler terms for easy understanding
    • Consistency with known facts is necessary (based on a substantial body of established facts)
    • The hypothesis should be readily testable within a reasonable time frame

    Research Methods in IS: Null and Alternative Hypotheses

    • A null hypothesis proposes no difference or relationship between groups or variables, essential in statistical analysis
    • A null hypothesis is the opposite of the hypothesis being researched and is often tested for rejection
    • Example: Comparing Method A to Method B and stating they perform equally well exemplifies a null hypothesis

    Research Methods in IS: Null and Alternative Hypotheses - Continued

    • Example research hypothesis: Teenagers in Program A graduate from high school at a higher rate than those in Program B
    • The null hypothesis is "No difference in high school graduation rates between Program A and Program B"

    Research Methods in IS: Null and Alternative Hypotheses - Continued

    • Social workers trying to disprove a null hypothesis, in favor of their research hypothesis, is illustrated using the example of high school graduation rates
    • This leads to acceptance or rejection of the research hypothesis based on the supporting data

    Research Methods in IS: Null and Alternative Hypotheses - Continued

    • An alternative hypothesis represents the result if the null hypothesis is not supported, essentially the set of possibilities beyond the null hypothesis, and it is often the hypothesis that one wishes to support or prove

    Research Methods in IS: Null and Alternative Hypotheses - Continued

    • Choosing the null and alternative hypotheses occurs prior to sample data collection
    • Researchers should avoid creating a hypothesis based on their collected data and then testing the hypothesis on the same data

    Research Methods in IS: Null and Alternative Hypotheses - Conclusion

    • The alternative hypothesis is the one that researchers usually wish to prove, whereas the null hypothesis is the one researchers aim to disprove
    • An example of the use of hypotheses: O.J Simpson murder trial
    • One set of jurors believed the null hypothesis (O.J. innocent) based on collected evidence
    • A second set of jurors rejected the null hypothesis and reached a verdict of guilty

    Research Methods in IS: Errors in Hypothesis Testing

    • Errors are possible when testing a hypothesis
    • Type I error (false positive): Rejecting a true null hypothesis
    • Type II error (false negative): Not rejecting a false null hypothesis

    Research Methods in IS: Types of Errors

    • Type I error is rejecting a true null hypothesis
    • Type II error is accepting a false null hypothesis

    Research Methods in IS: Type I Error

    • Type I error, also known as a "false positive," is the mistake of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
    • It involves accepting an alternative hypothesis when the results are due to chance
    • Occurs when observation shows a difference when it does not exist statistically

    Research Methods in IS: Type II Error

    • Type II error, also called a "false negative," is that of not rejecting a false null hypothesis.
    • Involves rejecting an alternative hypothesis when there is adequate power to accept it
    • Occurs when failing to observe a difference when a difference truly exists

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of research hypotheses in Information Systems. It provides insights into the nature, formation, and evaluation of hypotheses, including their directional and non-directional types. The importance of data in supporting or rejecting hypotheses is also emphasized.

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