Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of relationship is illustrated by the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer?
What type of relationship is illustrated by the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer?
Which research method involves researchers introducing an intervention to study its effects?
Which research method involves researchers introducing an intervention to study its effects?
What is the primary focus of grounded theory research?
What is the primary focus of grounded theory research?
What characterizes observational research in the context of medicine?
What characterizes observational research in the context of medicine?
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Which type of qualitative research centers on the patterns of lifeways of a cultural group?
Which type of qualitative research centers on the patterns of lifeways of a cultural group?
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Which of the following statements about clinical trials is true?
Which of the following statements about clinical trials is true?
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In qualitative research using phenomenology, what kind of questions do researchers typically ask?
In qualitative research using phenomenology, what kind of questions do researchers typically ask?
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Which of the following best exemplifies a nonexperimental research design?
Which of the following best exemplifies a nonexperimental research design?
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What is a characteristic or quality that takes on different values in research?
What is a characteristic or quality that takes on different values in research?
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Which of the following best defines an independent variable?
Which of the following best defines an independent variable?
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In research, what does a dependent variable primarily represent?
In research, what does a dependent variable primarily represent?
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What distinguishes quantitative research from qualitative research?
What distinguishes quantitative research from qualitative research?
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What is the operational definition in research?
What is the operational definition in research?
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In an example where smoking is the independent variable and lung cancer is the dependent variable, what does smoking represent?
In an example where smoking is the independent variable and lung cancer is the dependent variable, what does smoking represent?
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Which of the following is an example of operationalizing a variable?
Which of the following is an example of operationalizing a variable?
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Which of the following would NOT be considered a variable in quantitative research?
Which of the following would NOT be considered a variable in quantitative research?
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What is considered the strongest level of evidence?
What is considered the strongest level of evidence?
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Which factor is a barrier to evidence-based practice (EBP) related to nurses?
Which factor is a barrier to evidence-based practice (EBP) related to nurses?
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Which option defines the technique for integrating quantitative research findings statistically?
Which option defines the technique for integrating quantitative research findings statistically?
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What is NOT an example of an organizational barrier to EBP?
What is NOT an example of an organizational barrier to EBP?
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Which of the following statements about care bundles is true?
Which of the following statements about care bundles is true?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of pre-appraised evidence?
Which of the following is a characteristic of pre-appraised evidence?
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What distinguishes metasynthesis from meta-analysis?
What distinguishes metasynthesis from meta-analysis?
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Which resource does NOT serve as a repository of clinical practice guidelines?
Which resource does NOT serve as a repository of clinical practice guidelines?
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Which of the following is NOT a purpose of nursing research?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of nursing research?
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How does evidence-based practice enhance nursing?
How does evidence-based practice enhance nursing?
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Which research purpose is primarily associated with understanding the causes of a health condition?
Which research purpose is primarily associated with understanding the causes of a health condition?
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Which of the following is considered a common feature in both paradigms of research?
Which of the following is considered a common feature in both paradigms of research?
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Which method is typically used for identification and description in nursing research?
Which method is typically used for identification and description in nursing research?
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What is the role of ethical constraints in nursing research?
What is the role of ethical constraints in nursing research?
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Which level of research focuses on forecasting outcomes based on data?
Which level of research focuses on forecasting outcomes based on data?
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In qualitative research, which aspect is most commonly explored?
In qualitative research, which aspect is most commonly explored?
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In quantitative research, what is the term used for individuals providing information?
In quantitative research, what is the term used for individuals providing information?
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Which of the following terms is NOT typically associated with quantitative research?
Which of the following terms is NOT typically associated with quantitative research?
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What term is generally associated with the overall location of a study?
What term is generally associated with the overall location of a study?
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What type of research commonly involves fieldwork?
What type of research commonly involves fieldwork?
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Which statement correctly describes the term 'construct' in research?
Which statement correctly describes the term 'construct' in research?
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What is a key characteristic of multisite studies?
What is a key characteristic of multisite studies?
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Which of these options is a common misconception about quantitative research?
Which of these options is a common misconception about quantitative research?
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Which of the following would likely be considered a 'phenomenon' in research?
Which of the following would likely be considered a 'phenomenon' in research?
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What is the primary goal of nursing research?
What is the primary goal of nursing research?
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Which of the following best defines evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing?
Which of the following best defines evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing?
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Which role is typically NOT associated with nurses in research?
Which role is typically NOT associated with nurses in research?
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What significant development in nursing research occurred in 1986?
What significant development in nursing research occurred in 1986?
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Which factor is NOT a focus of future nursing research directions?
Which factor is NOT a focus of future nursing research directions?
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What was a notable contribution of Florence Nightingale to nursing research?
What was a notable contribution of Florence Nightingale to nursing research?
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What is NOT a characteristic of evidence-informed decision making?
What is NOT a characteristic of evidence-informed decision making?
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The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established in which year?
The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established in which year?
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What contributes to the clinical significance of research findings in nursing?
What contributes to the clinical significance of research findings in nursing?
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Which is an outcome of evidence-based practice in nursing?
Which is an outcome of evidence-based practice in nursing?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evidence-Based Practice Environment
- Nursing research is a systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems related to nursing practice.
- It aims to develop trustworthy evidence about issues important to nurses and their clients.
- Clinical nursing research specifically guides nursing practice.
What Is Nursing Research?
- Research is a systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems.
- Nursing research focuses on creating trustworthy evidence concerning important issues for nurses and their clients.
- Clinical nursing research is designed to influence and improve nursing practice.
The Importance of Research to Evidence-Based Nursing
- Evidence-based practice (EBP) uses the best clinical evidence to make patient care decisions.
- EBP forms the basis of many recent clinical practice changes.
- EBP produces decisions that are clinically appropriate, cost-effective, and result in positive client outcomes.
Evidence in EIPH
- Evidence-Informed Public Health (EIPH) integrates science-based interventions with community preferences to improve population health.
- EIPH considers community health issues, local contexts, and public health expertise along with the available resources.
Typical Roles of Nurses in Research
- Nurses contribute ideas for clinical inquiries.
- They assist in collecting research information.
- Nurses provide advice to clients about study participation.
- They search for research evidence.
- They discuss research implications with their colleagues.
Nursing Research: Past and Present
- Florence Nightingale pioneered nursing research in the 1850s.
- The 1950s saw the first nursing research journal, which helped advance nursing research's development.
- Clinical research gained importance in the 1980s.
- The National Center for Nursing Research was established at NIH in 1986.
- The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established in 1993.
- The NINR budget was just under $150 million in 2016.
Future Directions for Nursing Research
- The focus on evidence-based practice will remain important.
- Implementing confirmatory strategies for stronger evidence will continue.
- Emphasizing systematic reviews will uphold research rigor.
- Expanding local research in healthcare settings will be crucial (e.g., Magnet schools).
- Research findings will be disseminated widely.
- Addressing cultural issues and healthcare disparities will be key areas of focus.
- Patient input and clinical significance will be prioritized.
Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice
- Tradition and authority
- Clinical experience and trial and error
- Assembled information (e.g., benchmarking data, quality improvement data, and risk data)
- Disciplined research (evidence-based findings) is the preferred method.
Paradigms and Methods for Nursing Research
- A paradigm is a worldview or perspective on the complexities of the world.
- Key paradigms for nursing research include the positivist paradigm and the constructivist paradigm.
Positive Versus Constructivist Paradigms
- Positivist paradigm: reality exists, is driven by natural causes, and researchers are independent from those researched; values and biases should be avoided.
- Constructivist paradigm: reality is multiple and subjective; researchers interact with those researched; values and biases are inevitable and desirable.
Research Methods
- Research methods are the techniques used to structure, gather, analyze, and interpret information in a study.
- Quantitative research aligns with the positivist paradigm.
- Qualitative research aligns with the constructivist paradigm.
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research
- Quantitative research uses orderly procedures and has a systematic plan.
- It controls over context and uses formal measurement.
- It gathers empirical evidence and pursues generalizations.
- Qualitative research employs a dynamic design that is holistic and context-bound.
- Humans are considered instruments and qualitative information is gathered.
- Qualitative research seeks patterns.
Research Purposes Linked to EBP
- Therapy, treatment, or intervention
- Diagnosis and assessment
- Prognosis
- Etiology (causation) and harm
- Meaning and processes
Specific Purposes of Nursing Research
- Quantitative research can be used for identification, description, explanation, prediction, and control.
- Qualitative research is also used for identification, description, explanation, and exploration.
Evidence-Based Practice
- Evidence-based decision-making in nursing integrates best research evidence with clinical expertise, patient preferences, and local circumstances.
- It emphasizes personalizing best evidence for a particular patient.
- It emphasizes the importance of using all available research and clinical evidence in making clinical decisions.
Research Utilization
- Utilizing research findings in a practical application unrelated to the original research.
- Translating new knowledge into real-world applications
- Bridging the gap between research and clinical practice
History of RU in Nursing Practice
- Nursing research explored and identified knowledge-practice gaps.
- Research utilization projects addressed those observed gaps in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) Project.
- The emphasis on evidence-based practice (EBP) replaced research utilization in the 1990s.
Overview of the EBP Movement
- Archie Cochrane emphasized the importance of summarizing research for health care providers.
- Cochrane led to the Cochrane Collaboration and the development of the Cochrane Center located in Oxford.
- David Sackett also emphasized evidence-based medicine (EBM), which broadened approaches for best evidence use by all health care practitioners.
Evidence Hierarchies
- Evidence hierarchies rank evidence sources based on their strength.
- Ranking depends on the type of question being asked.
- Evidence quality can vary considerably within each level.
- Systematic reviews comprise the strongest level of evidence.
Best Evidence
- Methodologically sound, rigorous, and clinically relevant research findings are considered best evidence.
- Such findings cover efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions, reliability of assessment tests, reasons for health problems, and nuances of patient experiences.
EBP Barriers
- The quality and nature of research (e.g., scarcity of robust research evidence)
- Nurse characteristics (e.g., insufficient skills in locating and appraising evidence)
- Organizational factors (e.g., lack of funding or time for evidence-based practice)
Asking Clinical Questions: PIO
- Population or patients: Defining the characteristics of patients or individuals.
- Intervention or exposure: Identifying the specific interventions or exposures of interest or the potentially harmful exposures of concern.
- Outcome: Determining the desired outcomes or consequences of an action or intervention.
Question Templates
- Using templates can make constructing questions easier, such as using a template for an intervention question: In (population), what is the effect of (intervention) in comparison to (comparison) on (outcome)?
Appraising the Evidence for EBP
- Evaluating the quality of evidence
- Determining the magnitude of effects
- Assessing the precision of effect estimates
- Investigating evidence of side effects
- Evaluating the financial costs of applying the evidence
- Ascertaining if the evidence is clinically relevant
Integrating Evidence in EBP
- Integrating research evidence with clinical expertise.
- Evaluating evidence in relation to clinical settings.
- Constituting patient preferences and values.
- Considering evidence from qualitative studies.
EBP in an Organizational Context
- Selecting a problem that needs to be addressed.
- Knowledge-focused triggers (new research).
- Problem-focused triggers (clinical issues).
- Appraising potential implementation.
- Transferability
- Feasibility
- Cost-benefit
- Basing actions on evidence appraisals.
- Implementing and evaluating the innovation.
Implementing and Evaluating Innovation
- Developing an evaluation plan.
- Measuring client outcomes (before and after implementation).
- Training relevant staff in the use of the new guideline.
- Trying the innovation on one or more units.
- Evaluating the pilot project in terms of process and outcomes.
Qualitative Research: Disciplinary Traditions
- Grounded theory research: Seeking to understand key social and psychological processes.
- Phenomenological research: Focusing on the lived experiences of humans.
- Ethnographic research: Examining patterns and lifeways within a cultural group.
Phases in a Quantitative Study
- Conceptual phase
- Design and planning phase
- Empirical phase
- Analytic phase
- Dissemination phase
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study: Phases 1-5
- Conceptual Phase: Problem formulation, literature review, clinical fieldwork, establishing framework for study and creating hypotheses.
- Design and Planning Phase: Selecting research design, developing intervention protocols, identifying and defining populations, establishing sampling plans, and outlining methods for data collection with ethical considerations.
- Empirical Phase: Collecting data from participants.
- Analytic Phase: Analyzing the collected data using statistical methods. Interpreting the results.
- Dissemination Phase: Communicating findings (e.g., via research reports/journal articles). Putting the evidence into practice.
Selected Key Research Terms
- Quantitative research terms: Subject, study participant, investigator, researcher, constructs, variables, data (numerical), relationships (cause and effect), deductive reasoning.
- Qualitative research terms: Study participant, informant, researcher, phenomena, concepts, data (narrative), patterns of association, inductive reasoning.
Data
- Data in research are collected pieces of information.
- In quantitative research data is typically numerical.
- In qualitative data typically comprises narrative information.
Variables
- Variables represent characteristics or qualities that change or vary from person to person.
- Examples of variables include blood type, weight, length of hospital stay, gender, etc..
- Independent variables are considered the presumed causes.
- Dependent variables represent the presumed effects.
Relationships
- A relationship is a bond or connection between variables.
- Relationships can be characterized as cause/effect or associative based on the specific variables involved.
- Qualitative studies may specifically look for patterns of association and underlying meanings.
Major Classes of Quantitative Research
- Experimental research involves the active introduction of an intervention or treatment to ascertain its effect.
- This is often referred to as clinical trials in medical research or randomized clinical trials in other fields.
- Nonexperimental research gathers data without implementing any interventions to study existing correlations and relationships rather than manipulating interventions.
Faces and Places of Research
- Study subject or participant: people who are studied.
- Study site location(s) such as a region, hospital, or community.
- Multisite studies can broaden sample size and enhance the generalizability of findings.
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Description
This quiz explores various research methods used in health sciences, including the relationships between variables, qualitative and quantitative research, and specific research designs like phenomenology and grounded theory. Test your knowledge on the characteristics and applications of different methodologies in health research.
