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Questions and Answers
What does the ETIC approach focus on in research?
What does the ETIC approach focus on in research?
- In-depth understanding through personal interactions
- A subjective view influenced by personal beliefs
- Objective measurements and outside perspectives (correct)
- Interpreting subjective experiences of individuals
Which statement accurately describes the EMIC approach?
Which statement accurately describes the EMIC approach?
- It follows a rigid experimental methodology.
- It seeks to interpret reality through personal engagements. (correct)
- It avoids subjective interpretations altogether.
- It relies solely on statistical data.
How does ontology relate to epistemology in the context of research?
How does ontology relate to epistemology in the context of research?
- Ontology is more focused on methodologies than beliefs.
- Combining both provides a comprehensive perspective on knowledge. (correct)
- Ontology and epistemology are viewed as independent concepts.
- Ontology determines the research's outcome regardless of methods.
What is the primary question that epistemology seeks to address?
What is the primary question that epistemology seeks to address?
What does methodology in research depend on?
What does methodology in research depend on?
What is the primary method of knowledge acquisition based on sensory experience?
What is the primary method of knowledge acquisition based on sensory experience?
Which type of reasoning involves deriving a general principle from specific observations?
Which type of reasoning involves deriving a general principle from specific observations?
What is a critical requirement for drawing conclusions through inductive reasoning?
What is a critical requirement for drawing conclusions through inductive reasoning?
What does deductive reasoning typically start with?
What does deductive reasoning typically start with?
How does empirical knowledge typically reach a belief or rule?
How does empirical knowledge typically reach a belief or rule?
Which of the following is characteristic of rationalism?
Which of the following is characteristic of rationalism?
What can a hypothesis in deductive reasoning be characterized as?
What can a hypothesis in deductive reasoning be characterized as?
Which of the following is NOT a method of acquiring knowledge mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a method of acquiring knowledge mentioned?
What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable?
What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable?
Which of the following best describes the core idea of a research paradigm?
Which of the following best describes the core idea of a research paradigm?
Which of the following options reflects the relativist perspective on truth?
Which of the following options reflects the relativist perspective on truth?
According to the realist perspective, how is truth viewed?
According to the realist perspective, how is truth viewed?
What can be concluded from a general principle using a logical argument?
What can be concluded from a general principle using a logical argument?
If a hypothesis is supported by observational statements, which of the following is true?
If a hypothesis is supported by observational statements, which of the following is true?
Which statement best describes the outlook of a person who holds a relativist ontology?
Which statement best describes the outlook of a person who holds a relativist ontology?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with a general statement leading to a specific conclusion?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with a general statement leading to a specific conclusion?
Which research paradigm posits that there is a single reality that can be measured?
Which research paradigm posits that there is a single reality that can be measured?
Which of the following methodologies is most commonly associated with Constructivism/Interpretivism?
Which of the following methodologies is most commonly associated with Constructivism/Interpretivism?
What is the primary focus of Pragmatism in research?
What is the primary focus of Pragmatism in research?
Which method is typically used in Positivist research?
Which method is typically used in Positivist research?
In which research paradigm are realities considered to be multiple?
In which research paradigm are realities considered to be multiple?
Which of the following methods is primarily associated with Pragmatism?
Which of the following methods is primarily associated with Pragmatism?
What type of research is characterized as usually qualitative and involves understanding meanings?
What type of research is characterized as usually qualitative and involves understanding meanings?
Which example reflects a Positivist approach to research?
Which example reflects a Positivist approach to research?
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Study Notes
Methods of Acquiring Knowledge
- Two primary methods: Empiricism and Rationalism.
- Empiricism: Knowledge gained through sensory experience using inductive reasoning.
- Rationalism: Knowledge gained via reasoning, using deductive reasoning.
Inductive Reasoning (Empiricist’s Approach)
- Based on deriving general principles from specific observations.
- Commonly practiced in everyday life; conclusions formed from experiences are generalized.
- Important to make numerous observations under various circumstances before drawing conclusions.
Deductive Reasoning (Rationalist’s Approach)
- Begins with a hypothesis that is falsifiable.
- A general statement leads to a specific conclusion through logical argumentation.
- Example: If all living things eventually die and the specific case is a living thing, then it will also eventually die.
Research Paradigms
- Defined as a set of common beliefs among scientists regarding problem understanding and addressing.
- Represents a verified approach to conducting research that has established validity over time.
Key Questions in Research Paradigm
-
Ontology: What constitutes reality?
- Realist: Believes in a single absolute truth.
- Relativist: Acknowledges multiple realities that are socially constructed and context-dependent.
-
Epistemology: How is knowledge acquired?
- Distinction between ETIC (objective measurements) and EMIC (subjective interpretation of reality) approaches.
- ETIC: Emphasizes objective measurement and external observation of research.
- EMIC: Focuses on subjective understanding through interaction and interpretation.
Methodology
- Refers to the strategies used to gain knowledge, influenced by ontological and epistemological beliefs.
- Common methodologies include experimental, survey, phenomenological, action research, and grounded theory.
Types of Research Paradigms
- Combining ontology and epistemology creates a holistic understanding of knowledge.
- Main paradigms include:
- Positivism: Single reality measurable through scientific methods.
- Constructivism/Interpretivism: Multiple realities interpreted to discover underlying meanings.
- Pragmatism: Reality constantly negotiated, using whatever tools are best suited for problem-solving.
Detailed Comparisons
-
Positivism:
- Ontology: One reality/truth.
- Epistemology: Knowledge measurable through scientific methods.
- Methodology: Experimental and survey research, mainly quantitative.
-
Constructivism/Interpretivism:
- Ontology: Multiple realities exist.
- Epistemology: Knowledge needs interpretation for deeper understanding.
- Methodology: Ethnography, grounded theory, participant observation, primarily qualitative.
-
Pragmatism:
- Ontology: Reality is negotiated.
- Epistemology: Knowledge examined through suitable tools for problem-solving.
- Methodology: Mixed-methods, combining various approaches.
Examples of Research Applications
- Positivism: Investigating carbon dioxide concentrations impact on coral reef growth.
- Interpretivism: Examining the use and effectiveness of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) in Thailand, illustrating how and why it is utilized.
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