10 Questions
What is the Hawthorne effect primarily concerned with?
Modifications in conduct when being watched
What is the main goal of an explanatory study?
To identify and explain the interactions between causes
What is key to ensuring the validity of a study's findings?
Ensuring internal and external validity
What is the primary concern of qualitative research?
To construct reality through inductive methods
What is the role of the researcher in ethnographic studies?
To participate in the participants' lives
What is the primary goal of exploratory research?
To explore phenomena with little prior knowledge
What is the main concern of quantitative research?
To ensure internal validity and objectivity
What is the concept of 'credibility' related to in research?
The confidence in the truth of the findings
What is the role of bias in research?
To influence the respondents' answers
What is the primary concern of Alfred Schutz's phenomenological approach?
To emphasize the importance of facts in communication
Study Notes
Research Methods and Study Types
- The Hawthorne effect refers to the modifications in conduct when the individual knows they are being watched.
- Data gathering involves various methods, including experiments, complicated interviews, observation, existing resources, and surveys.
- Representative samples are crucial, and probability random selection ensures unbiased inferential models.
- Descriptive statistics include mode, mean (average), and median.
Correlation and Causality
- Correlation coefficient measures the relationship between variables.
- Causality refers to the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
Phenomenological Approach
- Alfred Schutz's phenomenological approach emphasizes that facts are always interpreted and qualitative research studies how reality is constructed.
- Ethnography involves participatory observations, face-to-face interviews, and immersion in participants' lives.
Scientific Rigor
Quantitative Research
- Internal validity ensures accuracy.
- External validity ensures that findings can be generalized.
- Reliability ensures consistency.
- Objectivity ensures unbiased results.
Qualitative Research
- Credibility ensures confidence in the 'truth' of the findings.
- Transferability shows that the findings have applicability in other contexts.
- Dependability ensures that the findings are consistent and could be repeated.
- Confirmability ensures that the findings are shaped by the respondents.
Study Types
- Explanatory studies explain the causes of a phenomenon and interactions between causes.
- Exploratory studies investigate phenomena with little knowledge and generate hypotheses.
- Descriptive studies describe and document the phenomenon.
- Predictive studies predict the evolution of the phenomenon and identify causes and determinants.
Research Questions
- Factual questions ask what happened.
- Comparative questions ask if this happened everywhere.
- Developmental questions ask if this has happened over time.
- Theoretical questions ask what underlies this phenomenon.
Sociological Approaches
- Positivist sociology involves systematic observation of social behavior.
- Critical sociology focuses on the need for social change.
- Interpretive sociology aims to understand the constructed meanings of social interactions.
This quiz covers various aspects of research methods, including data gathering, sampling, and statistical analysis. It also touches on the Hawthorne effect, causality, and correlation coefficient. Additionally, it explores phenomenological approaches to communication and the interpretation of facts.
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