Research Methods and Scientific Theories

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of structuring research in categories?

To limit the scope of research to specific areas

To ensure that researchers follow a standardized format

To provide a framework for generating new research questions

To make it easier for readers to understand the process and outcomes (correct)

What is the role of criticism and discussion in scientific research?

To identify flaws in research methodologies

To promote the development of new research theories

To challenge established scientific paradigms

All of the above (correct)

How do scientific theories differ from everyday knowledge and experience?

Scientific theories are based on empirical evidence, while everyday knowledge is often anecdotal

Scientific theories are more complex and abstract than everyday knowledge

Scientific theories are constantly evolving, while everyday knowledge is static

All of the above (correct)

What is the main purpose of introducing scientific theories in the context of research?

To provide a framework for understanding research paradigms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the application-oriented approach to research presented in the passage?

Focusing on practical examples and scenarios to make research more accessible Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is a key characteristic of a research design?

It should be empirically testable Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between research paradigms and research design?

Research paradigms determine the specific research methods used in a design Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of using scientific theories in research?

Ensuring the ethical conduct of research Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement "Science and research differ to a considerable extent from the everyday knowledge and experience of an individual"?

It suggests that scientific knowledge is more complex than everyday knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, which of the following is an example of an empirical inquiry?

Conducting a survey to measure public opinion on a social issue Signup and view all the answers

What motivates Simon to get to the bottom of things?

He is guided by Goethe's quote 'To know what holds the world together at its core' Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge Simon is facing in his current project at zielNET?

Customers' lack of interest in purchasing the relaunched product Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Simon's research in his current course?

To understand consumer decisions and buying behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is Simon's profession?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why is Simon trying to remember models and theories related to consumer decisions and buying behavior?

To understand why the relaunched product failed Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of introducing scientific theories in research, according to the passage?

To provide a framework for understanding complex issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying concern of Simon's project?

To understand why customers are not interested in the relaunched product Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Simon's current project and his profession?

His profession influences his approach to the project Signup and view all the answers

What was the hunter and gatherer's initial reaction when the branches fell to the ground?

Annoyance Signup and view all the answers

What did the hunter and gatherer realize after comparing his experience with other previous experiences?

That things can fall down Signup and view all the answers

Why might the tribal elder's opinion about the souls of the deceased ascending to the gods differ from the hunter and gatherer's observation?

Because the elder has different experiences Signup and view all the answers

According to the Science Council, what is science?

The pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world Signup and view all the answers

What is scientific research, according to Veal (2018)?

A systematic, rule-based process used to gain knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Why can't the hunter and gatherer's initial observation be considered scientific research yet?

Because it was not systematic Signup and view all the answers

Why might people be unsure about the existence of souls ascending to the gods?

Because it is a basic assumption of our worldview Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the explanation of gravity based on scientific concepts?

It is widely accepted knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Why are witness statements after accidents or crimes often unreliable?

Because different witnesses can have completely different recall Signup and view all the answers

What is the key to considering the phenomenon of falling objects in a more detailed investigation?

Conducting a systematic and rule-based process Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between scenario A and scenario B in terms of ontology?

Scenario A assumes an unambiguous truth, while scenario B assumes interpretation-related tendencies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the explanatory research paradigm?

It includes different versions, such as positivism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the researcher in scenario A?

To eliminate their influence on the research process as much as possible. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using experimental methods in scenario A?

It provides measurable and reproducible results. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between epistemology in scenario A and scenario B?

Scenario A is focused on objectifiable conditions, while scenario B is focused on subjective insights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the understanding research paradigm?

It includes different versions, such as constructivism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the researcher in scenario B?

To interpret the results based on their own experiences and biases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the data collected in scenario A and scenario B?

Scenario A collects measurable data, while scenario B collects interpretative data. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of research in scenario A?

To arrive at a definitive and unequivocal conclusion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main similarity between scenario A and scenario B?

Both scenarios are types of research paradigms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central point that the examples of color perception and poverty aim to illustrate?

Scientific truths are based on assumptions and may be subject to interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage regarding color blindness?

Color-blindness is a form of illness that needs to be treated. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the main argument regarding the concept of relative poverty?

Relative poverty is a useful tool for measuring poverty, but it can be politically manipulated. Signup and view all the answers

Why does the passage suggest that a country with 15 percent poverty could still have a deplorable poverty level even after doubling all salaries?

Because the relative poverty rate would remain unchanged, despite the increase in income. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the main role of statistics in societal and political contexts?

To influence public opinion and policy decisions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential problem with interpreting “hard facts” in the passage?

The influence of personal biases on scientific research. Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage imply about the relationship between scientific research and “truth”?

Scientific research can contribute to our understanding of truth, but it is not always definitive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the passage regarding the image of Rubin's vase?

The image is a clear example of how our perception of reality is influenced by our beliefs and expectations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the main argument of the passage?

Scientific truths are relative and subject to change based on new evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage suggest about the importance of considering assumptions when interpreting scientific results?

Assumptions are essential for understanding scientific research, but they should be questioned. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between qualitative and quantitative research approaches?

Qualitative research investigates conflict and trauma, while quantitative research examines employee satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of scientific reasoning starts with individual cases and draws general conclusions?

Induction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of primary data?

Generated for the current investigation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of experimental investigations?

To manipulate variables in a controlled environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between induction and deduction?

Induction moves from general conclusions to individual cases, while deduction moves from individual cases to general conclusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of secondary data?

Generated for a different purpose Signup and view all the answers

What is triangulation in research?

A process of combining qualitative and quantitative approaches Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research investigation takes place in a 'real-life' setting?

Field research Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of deduction in research?

To test theories on a case-by-case basis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between experimental and non-experimental investigations?

Experimental investigations involve manipulating variables, while non-experimental investigations do not Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of introducing scientific theories in research?

To help scientists and academics make important research decisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of structuring research in categories?

It helps readers understand and comprehend the research process and outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between scientific research and everyday knowledge and experience?

They are distinct, with scientific research being more systematic and rigorous Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using practical examples and scenarios in research?

It provides an application-oriented introduction to complex research concepts Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of criticism and discussion in scientific research?

They are essential for building a strong foundation for scientific progress Signup and view all the answers

Which research paradigm would be most appropriate for investigating the impact of rent control on institutional landlords' business models?

Understanding Signup and view all the answers

What type of research design is most likely to be employed in a study that uses video recordings of a laboratory supermarket to analyze buying behavior in relation to chocolate bars?

Experimental Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research decisions is MOST closely linked to the research paradigm chosen?

Research question formulation Signup and view all the answers

If a study uses primary data collected from interviews with rental company experts, what kind of research design is MOST likely to be employed?

Non-experimental Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an understanding research paradigm?

Aims to generate new theories from observations Signup and view all the answers

What type of research design is MOST likely to be used in a study investigating the impact of product placement on consumer buying behavior in a real-world supermarket setting?

Non-experimental Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN advantage of conducting research in a controlled environment, such as a laboratory supermarket?

Minimizes the influence of extraneous variables Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the research strategy that would be appropriate for a study investigating the impact of a new marketing campaign on consumer behavior?

Explanatory Signup and view all the answers

What type of data would be MOST suitable for a study analyzing the effectiveness of a new advertising strategy based on the number of clicks on a website?

Quantitative Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the role of research paradigms in the research process?

To provide a framework for guiding research decisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the explanatory research paradigm?

To validate or reject theories through rigorous testing. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does qualitative research primarily assess data?

By interpretation of non-numerical information. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research strategy emphasizes the importance of representativeness?

Quantitative research. Signup and view all the answers

How is reality perceived within the understanding research paradigm?

As constructed through individual perspectives and interpretations. Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is primarily utilized in quantitative research?

Numerical data. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of quantitative research is often considered 'hidden' according to the content?

The conversion of complex terms into numerical scales. Signup and view all the answers

What principle guides the selection of a research design according to the content?

It should be dictated by the specific research question. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true about the explanatory research paradigm?

It often prioritizes subjective interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of qualitative research methods?

They focus on rich, detailed descriptions and case studies. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between research paradigms and research strategies?

Different research paradigms promote different sets of assumptions influencing research strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of qualitative research?

To provide in-depth insights into specific subjects Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'correlation' imply in research?

A connection between two phenomena without indicating causation Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common criticism of qualitative research?

It can lead to affirming preconceived notions Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would quantitative research be more appropriate?

When seeking to generalize findings to a larger population Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of using standardized questionnaires in research?

They provide limited depth of insight Signup and view all the answers

What does induction involve in the context of research?

Deriving a generalization from individual cases Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to critically reflect on the research process in qualitative studies?

To avoid leading participants to expected responses Signup and view all the answers

How can qualitative research provide insights that quantitative measures may miss?

By capturing motives and underlying causes through detailed interviews Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue when mixing qualitative and quantitative research methods?

Both methods can yield contradictory findings Signup and view all the answers

What does deduction in research refer to?

Applying general premises to individual cases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between scientific research and everyday knowledge?

Scientific research is a more rigorous and systematic approach to understanding the world, compared to everyday knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scientific findings as described in the passage?

They are always considered absolute truths. Signup and view all the answers

The passage suggests that scientific research is a process that is:

Slow and incremental, with progress often made in small steps. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the examples provided, which of the following research questions is most likely to be addressed using an experimental approach?

Why is Apple in a position to market mobile phones and computers at substantially higher prices than its competitors? Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the concept of a research paradigm as explained in the passage?

A theoretical framework that guides the research process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement "research findings are not only used to explain existing conditions, but also partly to predict future developments"?

It highlights the potential of scientific research to contribute to social and economic progress. Signup and view all the answers

The passage discusses the importance of criticism in the research process. Which of the following is a primary benefit of critical analysis of research findings?

It helps to identify and eliminate any errors or biases in the research process. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a research question that is most likely to be addressed within a positivist research paradigm?

How does the use of a particular type of fertilizer affect crop yield? Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the key difference between the research scenarios A and B?

Scenario A is based on a positivist paradigm while scenario B is based on an interpretivist paradigm. Signup and view all the answers

The passage states that “research paradigms are the most fundamental convictions from which knowledge is gained in the research process”. What does this statement imply?

The selection of a research paradigm influences the interpretation and understanding of research findings. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Study Goals

Learn essential characteristics of scientific research
Distinguish between different research assumptions
Identify core research decisions

Theory of Science

Scientific research is the systematic process of gaining knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world
It involves a systematic methodology based on evidence
Definition of science: "pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence" (The Science Council, 2009)

Introduction to Science and Research

Scientific research involves a systematic process of observation, reflection, and reasoning
The process of research involves making assumptions, which can be influenced by personal beliefs and experiences
Truth is subjective and can be influenced by individual perspectives and worldviews

Observation, Reflection, and Reasoning

Example of a hunter-gatherer observing the phenomenon of objects falling down
The process of observation, reflection, and reasoning leads to the development of theories and explanations
However, these explanations can be influenced by personal biases and assumptions

What is Truth?

Truth is subjective and can be influenced by individual perspectives and experiences
Example of color perception: what is true for one person may not be true for another
Truth is also influenced by cultural and social norms

Research Paradigms

Research paradigms are the underlying assumptions of a research study
They influence the way research is conducted and the results that are obtained
There are two main research paradigms: explanatory and understanding

Explanatory Research Paradigm

Seeks to explain phenomena through universally valid laws
Assumes that reality exists independently of individual experiences
Methodology involves experimental methods, standardized methods, and quantitative methods
The researcher tries to exclude subjective influences on the research process

Understanding Research Paradigm

Assumes that reality is constructed by individuals through interpretation
Methodology involves interpretative methods, qualitative methods, and subjective insights
The researcher is an integral part of the research process

Research Decisions

Research questions often imply the underlying assumptions of the research
Research decisions involve choosing a research strategy, scientific reasoning, type of data, and type of research

Types of Research

Quantitative research: gathers numerical data and analyzes it via mathematical methods
Qualitative research: gathers non-numerical data and analyzes it through meaning interpretation
Correlation: if two phenomena are related in some way or have some sort of connection, they are considered correlated### Research Strategies
Quantitative Research: aims to express results in numerical data, e.g., sales figures or average length of stay in healthcare facilities; involves mathematically precise procedures to obtain a "correct" result; often uses large samples to test hypotheses and generalize to the population.
Qualitative Research: uses text-based data that must be interpreted; examines individual cases; results are conclusions obtained from an interpretative process; often involves small samples and does not aim for representativeness.

Causality, Induction, and Deduction

Causality: a phenomenon that affects or influences another; a causal relationship exists between the two.
Induction: a process of deriving generalizations from individual cases; often used to develop a theory from a few single cases.
Deduction: a process of applying a general premise to individual cases; typically tests a theory on a case-by-case basis.

Types of Data

Primary Data: generated for the purpose of the current investigation, e.g., interview records and participants' answers on questionnaires.
Secondary Data: originally collected for a different purpose, used for a new investigation, e.g., economic data used to analyze correlations between religious affiliations and economic data.

Research Design

Experimental Investigations: take place in a planned environment, e.g., laboratory supermarkets, to test hypotheses and isolate variables.
Non-Experimental Investigations: carried out in real-life settings, e.g., field research, to observe participants' behavior and analyze it.

Research Paradigms and Research Design

Research Paradigms: influence research design, which in turn affects the entire research process.
Formulation of Research Question: a crucial step that determines the research strategy, scientific reasoning, and type of data to be used.

Examples of Research Design

Introducing Rent Control: a qualitative research strategy with an understanding research paradigm, using primary data and non-experimental research design.
Kids and Chocolate: a quantitative research strategy with an explanatory paradigm, using secondary data and an experimental research design.